The Standard Model

(Matter & Energy; E = m*c²)

Forces & Boson Particles

Fermion Particles (Spin = ± 1/2)

Strong Nuclear Force (SNF);

Gluon (Spin = 1);

Charge = 0

Massless Particle

3 Generations of Quarks (Always confined inside Hadrons)

u

(Up Quark) Charge = +2/3 Q

Mass = 1 - 5 MeV

c

(Charm Quark) Charge = +2/3 Q

Mass = 1 - 1.3 GeV

t

(Top Quark) Charge = +2/3 Q

Mass = 174.3 GeV

Electromagnetic Force (EMF)

Photon (Spin = 1);

Charge = 0

Massless Particle

d

(Down Quark) Charge = −1/3 Q

Mass = 3-9 MeV

s

(Strange Quark) Charge = −1/3 Q

Mass = 70 - 170 MeV

b

(Bottom Quark) Charge =−1/3 Q

Mass = 4-4.4 GeV

Weak Nuclear Force (WNF)

W⁺, W⁻, Z

(3 Boson Particles)

(Spin = 1)

Mass of W^+/− = 80 GeV;

Mass of Z = 91 GeV

3 Generations of Leptons

e⁻

(Electron)

Charge = −Q

Mass = 0.51 MeV

m⁻

(Muon)

Charge = −Q

Mass = 105.6 MeV

t⁻

(Tau)

Charge = −Q

Mass = 1.78 GeV

Gravitational Force (GF)

Graviton (Spin = 2);

Charge = 0

Massless Particle?

ν_e

(Electron Neutrino)

Charge = 0

Massless Particle?

ν_m

(Muon Neutrino)

Charge = 0

Massless Particle?

ν_t

(Tau Neutrino)

Charge = 0

Massless Particle?