Material used

Electrode used

LOD (CFU/mL)

Reference

Au-NPs modified with antibodies

Screen-printed carbon electrodes (SPCEs)

3.09 × 10²

[87]

CDs/ZnO nanorod/PANI

SPCE

8.00 ×10⁷

[88]

Pt-NPs

GCE

20

[89]

Multi-walled carbon nanotubes

GCE

6.2 × 10⁵

[90]

GBPE Ag-NPs

GCE

3.5 × 10¹

This work