Variables

Model 3

Municipalities

The period 1990-2006

Model 4

Urban centres

The period 1991-2019

Model 5

Urban centres

The period 1991-2006

Ln (Apartment prices)

0.002

(0.22)

−0.05

(−3.62)***

−0.02

(−1.56)

Ln (Total family income)

−0.011

(−0.27)

0.09

(3.50)***

0.0003

(−0.01)

Gender imbalance

−0.16

(−1.57)

−0.15

(−23.33)***

−0.17

(−18.87)***

Ln (Average age)

−1.59

(−9.84)***

−1.61

(−24.73)***

−1.22

(−10.72)***

Ln (Population)

1.01

(23.57)***

1.03

(34.77)***

1.06

(30.71)***

Constant

4.21

(7.74)***

3.57

(11.35)***

2.86

(7.85)***

Number of observations, n

1022

1114

613

R² internal

0.8837

0.9511

0.9319

R² between

0.9986

0.9988

0.9994

R² total

0.9979

0.9980

0.9988