Property

Test methods/Standard

Chemical analysis

X-ray fluorescence (XRF)

X-ray portable fluorescence Niton XLT900s (P-XRF) for our X-ray analyses with a measurement time of 350 s.

XRF was performed with 100% normalization and full fundamental parameter quantification techniques

Mineralogy

X-ray diffraction (XRD); Cu Kα radiation (λ = 1.54060 Å) 2θ step interval of 0.04˚ (10˚ - 70˚) and acquisition time of 1560 s

Effect on binder hydration: Mineralogical study Setting time

-XRD of mixtures lime-ash-water

-Setting time using Vicat apparatus (NF EN 196-3)

Effect on mechanical properties of mortars

Compressive strength of 4 × 4 × 16 cm prisms (NF EN 196-1) Hydration times: 3, 7, 28 days; Each value is the average of 6 tests

Effect on thermal properties of mortars

The thermal test samples were also prepared in a mould of dimensions 10 cm × 10 cm × 2 cm.

All thermophysical experiments were performed using samples prepared in a mould of dimensions of 10 cm × 10 cm × 2 cm. The thermal conductivity and effusivity of samples

were determined simultaneously using a transient method [20]