Picking distance (unit: meter)

Picking time (unit: minute)

Order A

Order B

Order C

Order A

Order B

Order C

S-type picking strategy

283.08

497.16

927.56

12.21

24.40

56.64

GA picking strategies

180.76

240.92

389.56

9.82

18.42

44.09

Difference analysis

−36.15%

−51.54%

−58.00%

−19.56%

−24.50%

−22.16%