Explanatory variable

Summary symbol

Variables description

1. Dependent variable

Households income

AINCOME

The average amount of household cash income in 2011 and 2017 which is generated from different income generating activities (from the crop, wages, livestock, forestry, off-farm activities and sell their products, etc.) (Million VND).¹

2. Independent variable

2.1

Participates plantation activities

PLANT

Dummy, Equals 1 if the household participates in plantation activities and 0 otherwise.

2.2

Survey time

T

Dummy, Equals 1 if the survey time in 2017 and 0 if survey time in 2011.

2.3

Interaction of forest plantation and time dummy

T*PLANT

The interaction term T*PLANT is an indicator for the farm households in the intervention site, and it measures the percentage change in households income associated with the plantation decision. The coefficient on the interaction term (β₃) yields the difference-in-difference estimate of the control effect.

Characteristics of the head of the household

2.4

Gender

GENDER

Dummy, gender of the household head (1 = male and 0 = female).

2.5

Age

AGE

Age of the household head in years.

2.6

Education

EDU

Number of years of schooling of head of household.

Household characteristics

2.7

Household size

HSIZE

Number of individual members in a household.

2.8

Area of land owned

LSIZE

Size of household’s land (hectares).

2.9

Distance from forest plantation to a market center or road

DISTAN

Distance from the household’s house to a market center (kilometers).

2.10

Off-farm work

OFFWORK

Dummy, equals 1 if the household has a member participating in off-farm work and 0 otherwise.

Institutional and policy factors

2.11

Land security

LSECUR

Dummy, equals 1 if secure and 0 otherwise.

2.12

Extension activities

EXTEN

Number of days per year in which agricultural extension workers visited the household.

2.13

Loans

LOAN

Dummy, LOAN = 1 if households got any loans and =0 if otherwise.