State relative to the peak point angle (37.7˚)

Crack Angle (α) [deg]

Crack Amplitude (a) [m]

Maximum Principal Stress (σ) [Mpa]

Frictional Angle (μ) [deg]

Wedging Force (f) [MN]

Particle Swarm Intelligence (PSO)

Before

28.640

0.044

46.570

89.948

−0.490

Genetic Algorithm (GA)

Before

37.515

0.045

98.897

89.998

−72.087

Particle Swarm Intelligence (PSO)

After

102.752

0.014

86.183

89.996

−34.347

Genetic Algorithm (GA)

After

93.887

0.044

79.444

89.999

−397.802