Crack Angle (α) [deg]

Crack Amplitude (a) [m]

Maximum Principal Stress (σ) [Mpa]

Frictional Angle (μ) [deg]

Wedging Force (f) [MN]

Ant Colony Optimization (ACO)

118.637

0.045

100.000

89.000

−0.352

Particle Swarm Intelligence (PSO)

102.752

0.014

86.183

89.996

−34.347

Genetic Algorithm (GA)

93.887

0.044

79.444

89.999

−397.802