Crack Angle (α) [deg]

Crack Amplitude (a) [m]

Maximum Principal Stress (σ) [Mpa]

Frictional Angle (μ) [deg]

Wedging Force (f) [KN]

Ant Colony Optimization (ACO)

34.658

0.045

100.000

26.000

1586.823

Particle Swarm Intelligence (PSO)

55.393

0.045

96.812

0.0886

3266.574

Genetic Algorithm (GA)

52.874

0.043

97.009

1.977

3055.086