Maternal sociodemographic characteristics | Controls % | Cases % | OR | [95% CI] | P-value |
Age (years) | |||||
<20 | 2.00 (1/50) | 7.14 (2/28) | 3.76 | 0.32 - 43.55 | 0.25 |
[20 - 30] | 52.00 (26/50) | 57.14 (16/28) | 1.23 | 0.48 - 3.12 | 0.66 |
[30 - 40] | 40.00 (20/50) | 14.29 (4/28) | 0.25 | 0.07 - 0.83 | 0.01 |
>40 | 6.00 (3/50) | 21.43 (6/28) | 4.27 | 0.98 - 18.68 | 0.04 |
Education (years) | |||||
None | 10.00 (5/50) | 17.86 (5/28) | 1.95 | 0.51 - 6.48 | 0.35 |
<5 | 26.00 (13/50) | 25.00 (7/28) | 0.95 | 0.32 - 2.74 | 0.92 |
[5 - 9] | 32.00 (16/50) | 39.29 (11/28) | 1.37 | 0.52 - 3.60 | 0.51 |
[9 - 12] | 12.00 (6/50) | 17.86 (5/28) | 1.59 | 0.43 - 5.78 | 0.47 |
>12 | 20.00 (10/50) | 0.00 (0/28) | UNDF | UNDF | 0.01 |
Residence | |||||
Urban | 66.00 (33/50) | 64.29 (18/28) | 0.92 | 0.35 - 2.44 | 0.87 |
Rural | 34.00 (17/50) | 35.71 (10/28) | 1.07 | 0.40 - 2.84 | 0.87 |
Ethnicity | |||||
Arab | 40.00 (20/50) | 39.29 (11/28) | 0.97 | 0.37 - 2.50 | 0.95 |
Amazigh | 60.00 (30/50) | 60.71 (17/28) | 1.03 | 0.40 - 2.65 | 0.95 |
Profession | |||||
No | 84.00 (42/50) | 92.86 (26/28) | 2.47 | 0.48 - 12.57 | 0.26 |
Yes | 16.00 (8/50) | 7.14 (2/28) | 0.40 | 0.07 - 2.05 | 0.26 |
Maternal health and reproductive characteristics | |||||
Height (m) | |||||
[1.4 - 1.5] | 2.00 (1/50) | 0.00 (0/28) | 0.00 | UNDF | 0.45 |
[1.5 - 1.6] | 38.00 (19/50) | 53.57 (15/28) | 1.88 | 0.73 - 4.80 | 0.18 |
[1.6 - 1.7] | 56.00 (28/50) | 46.42 (13/28) | 0.68 | 0.26 - 1.72 | 0.41 |
>1.7 | 4.00 (2/50) | 0.00 (0/28) | 0.00 | UNDF | 0.28 |
Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2) | |||||
Underweight (<18.5) | 2.00 (1/50) | 0.00 (0/28) | 0.00 | UNDF | 0.45 |
Normal (18.5 - 24.9) | 66.00 (33/50) | 28.57 (8/28) | 0.20 | 0.07 - 0.56 | 0.00 |
Overweight (25 - 29.9) | 26.00 (13/50) | 53.57 (15/28) | 3.28 | 1.23 - 8.70 | 0.01 |
Obese (>30) | 6.00 (3/50) | 17.85 (5/28) | 3.40 | 0.74 - 15.50 | 0.09 |
Overweight and obesity (>25) | 32.00 (16/50) | 71.43 (20/28) | 5.31 | 1.92 - 14.62 | 0.00 |
Gestational weight gain (kg) | |||||
GWG below IOM | 60.00 (30/50) | 32.14 (9/28) | 0.31 | 0.11 - 0.83 | 0.01 |
GWG within IOM | 40.00 (20/50) | 46.43 (13/28) | 1.30 | 0.51 - 3.30 | 0.58 |
GWG above IOM | 0.00 (0/50) | 21.43 (6/28) | UNDF | UNDF | 0.00 |
Overweight/obesity pre pregnancy BMI | |||||
GWG below IOM | 18.75 (3/16) | 20.00 (4/20) | 1.08 | 0.20 - 5.73 | 0.92 |
GWG within IOM | 81.25 (13/16) | 55.00 (11/20) | 0.28 | 0.06 - 1.30 | 0.09 |
GWG above IOM | 0.00 (0/16) | 25.00 (5/20) | UNDF | UNDF | 0.03 |