Maternal sociodemographic characteristics

Controls %

Cases %

OR

[95% CI]

P-value

Age (years)

<20

2.00 (1/50)

7.14 (2/28)

3.76

0.32 - 43.55

0.25

[20 - 30]

52.00 (26/50)

57.14 (16/28)

1.23

0.48 - 3.12

0.66

[30 - 40]

40.00 (20/50)

14.29 (4/28)

0.25

0.07 - 0.83

0.01

>40

6.00 (3/50)

21.43 (6/28)

4.27

0.98 - 18.68

0.04

Education (years)

None

10.00 (5/50)

17.86 (5/28)

1.95

0.51 - 6.48

0.35

<5

26.00 (13/50)

25.00 (7/28)

0.95

0.32 - 2.74

0.92

[5 - 9]

32.00 (16/50)

39.29 (11/28)

1.37

0.52 - 3.60

0.51

[9 - 12]

12.00 (6/50)

17.86 (5/28)

1.59

0.43 - 5.78

0.47

>12

20.00 (10/50)

0.00 (0/28)

UNDF

UNDF

0.01

Residence

Urban

66.00 (33/50)

64.29 (18/28)

0.92

0.35 - 2.44

0.87

Rural

34.00 (17/50)

35.71 (10/28)

1.07

0.40 - 2.84

0.87

Ethnicity

Arab

40.00 (20/50)

39.29 (11/28)

0.97

0.37 - 2.50

0.95

Amazigh

60.00 (30/50)

60.71 (17/28)

1.03

0.40 - 2.65

0.95

Profession

No

84.00 (42/50)

92.86 (26/28)

2.47

0.48 - 12.57

0.26

Yes

16.00 (8/50)

7.14 (2/28)

0.40

0.07 - 2.05

0.26

Maternal health and reproductive characteristics

Height (m)

[1.4 - 1.5]

2.00 (1/50)

0.00 (0/28)

0.00

UNDF

0.45

[1.5 - 1.6]

38.00 (19/50)

53.57 (15/28)

1.88

0.73 - 4.80

0.18

[1.6 - 1.7]

56.00 (28/50)

46.42 (13/28)

0.68

0.26 - 1.72

0.41

>1.7

4.00 (2/50)

0.00 (0/28)

0.00

UNDF

0.28

Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m²)

Underweight (<18.5)

2.00 (1/50)

0.00 (0/28)

0.00

UNDF

0.45

Normal (18.5 - 24.9)

66.00 (33/50)

28.57 (8/28)

0.20

0.07 - 0.56

0.00

Overweight (25 - 29.9)

26.00 (13/50)

53.57 (15/28)

3.28

1.23 - 8.70

0.01

Obese (>30)

6.00 (3/50)

17.85 (5/28)

3.40

0.74 - 15.50

0.09

Overweight and obesity (>25)

32.00 (16/50)

71.43 (20/28)

5.31

1.92 - 14.62

0.00

Gestational weight gain (kg)

GWG below IOM

60.00 (30/50)

32.14 (9/28)

0.31

0.11 - 0.83

0.01

GWG within IOM

40.00 (20/50)

46.43 (13/28)

1.30

0.51 - 3.30

0.58

GWG above IOM

0.00 (0/50)

21.43 (6/28)

UNDF

UNDF

0.00

Overweight/obesity pre pregnancy BMI

GWG below IOM

18.75 (3/16)

20.00 (4/20)

1.08

0.20 - 5.73

0.92

GWG within IOM

81.25 (13/16)

55.00 (11/20)

0.28

0.06 - 1.30

0.09

GWG above IOM

0.00 (0/16)

25.00 (5/20)

UNDF

UNDF

0.03