References

Year (Country)

Type

of Study

Number of Subjects

Electrolyte disorder

Hyponatremia

(<135 mmol/L)

Hypernatremia

(>145 mmol/L)

C.M Rhee et al. [4]

2015 (USA)

Observational study

27,180

1939 (7.1%)

549 (2.0%)

Hypokalemia

(<3.5 mmol/L)

Hyperkalemia

(>5.5 mmol/L)

Kovesdy et al. [16]

2007 (USA)

Observational study

74,219

6617 (8.9%)

9062 (12.2%)

Hypomagnesemia (<0.74 mmol/L)

Hypermagnesemia

(≥1.15 mmol/L)

Y. Sakaguchi et al. [17]

2013 (Japan)

Observational cohort Study

142,555

28,764 (20.1%)

46,249 (32.4%)

Hypophosphatemia (<0.9 mmol/L)

Hyperphosphatemia (>1.34 mmol/L)

Nakai et al. [12]

2008 (Japan)

Cross-sectional study

27,404

787 (2.9%)

23,855 (87.0%)

Hypocalcemia (<2.15 mmol/L)

Hypercalcemia (>2.55 mmol/L)

Rivara et al. [14]

2015 (USA)

Observational cohort study

118,955

5985 (5.03%)

12,844 (10.7%)

Low serum bicarbonate (<23 mmol/L)

High serum bicarbonate (≥27 mmol/L)

Wu et al. [18]

2005 (USA)

Observational Cohort Study

56,386

35,970 (63.8%)

2207 (3.9%)