References | Year (Country) | Type of Study | Number of Subjects | Electrolyte disorder | |
|
|
|
| Hyponatremia (<135 mmol/L) | Hypernatremia (>145 mmol/L) |
C.M Rhee et al. [4] | 2015 (USA) | Observational study | 27,180 | 1939 (7.1%) | 549 (2.0%) |
|
|
|
| Hypokalemia (<3.5 mmol/L) | Hyperkalemia (>5.5 mmol/L) |
Kovesdy et al. [16] | 2007 (USA) | Observational study | 74,219 | 6617 (8.9%) | 9062 (12.2%) |
|
|
|
| Hypomagnesemia (<0.74 mmol/L) | Hypermagnesemia (≥1.15 mmol/L) |
Y. Sakaguchi et al. [17] | 2013 (Japan) | Observational cohort Study | 142,555 | 28,764 (20.1%) | 46,249 (32.4%) |
|
|
|
| Hypophosphatemia (<0.9 mmol/L) | Hyperphosphatemia (>1.34 mmol/L) |
Nakai et al. [12] | 2008 (Japan) | Cross-sectional study | 27,404 | 787 (2.9%) | 23,855 (87.0%) |
|
|
|
| Hypocalcemia (<2.15 mmol/L) | Hypercalcemia (>2.55 mmol/L) |
Rivara et al. [14] | 2015 (USA) | Observational cohort study | 118,955 | 5985 (5.03%) | 12,844 (10.7%) |
|
|
|
| Low serum bicarbonate (<23 mmol/L) | High serum bicarbonate (≥27 mmol/L) |
Wu et al. [18] | 2005 (USA) | Observational Cohort Study | 56,386 | 35,970 (63.8%) | 2207 (3.9%) |