Parameter

Pass

Length of contact zone

(mm)

Error of contact

length (%)

Projected area of contact zone (mm²)

Error of projected area (%)

Oval

Pass

Graphical solution

132.8

+1.45

16,635.0

−9.98

Shinokura Formula

119.3

−8.86

17,351.9

−6.10

Y. Lee Formula

119.3

−8.86

17,222.5

−6.80

Novel model

128.0

−2.22

18,035.4

−2.40

Experimental results

130.9

0

18,478.6

0

Simulating results

126.8

−3.13

17,763.4

−3.87

Round pass

Graphical solution

133.1

+1.99

10,225.0

−14.14

Shinokura Formula

121.7

−6.74

10,877.5

−8.66

Y.Lee formula

121.7

−6.74

10,392.6

−12.73

Novel model

128.9

−1.23

12,312.3

+3.39

Experimental results

130.5

0

11,908.8

0

Simulating result

127.4

−2.38

11,456.6

−3.80