Challenge Area

Key Issue & Supporting Data

Source/Context

Regulatory Delay

As of Q1 2025, <10 of 27 Member States have notified full transposition of RED III.

European Commission, Internal Market & Industry DG, Transposition Scoreboard.

Compliance Cost

Hourly temporal matching could add ? - 3/kg to LCOH in Germany by 2030.

Frontier Economics study for German industry associations (2024).

Production Cost Gap

EU green hydrogen LCOH: ? - 8/kg; Grey hydrogen: ?.5 - 2.5/kg.

IEA, Global Hydrogen Review 2024; BloombergNEF, 1H 2025 Hydrogen Market Outlook.

Infrastructure Lag

~55 km of new dedicated H₂ pipelines built in EU in 2024.

Hydrogen Europe, Infrastructure Progress Report 2025.

Project FID Gap​

Only ~12 GW of electrolyzer projects had reached FID by end-2024, against a 2030 target of 100+ GW.

IEA Hydrogen Projects Database, filtered for EU, status “FID”.