| Mechanism | Pollutant example | Dietary factor | Key mediators |
| Gut dysbiosis | Phthalates, BPA | High fat, low fibre | Reduced SCFAs, increased LPS |
| Oxidative stress | PM2.5, heavy metals | High sugar, low antioxidants | ROS, NADPH oxidase, reduced glutathione |
| Nuclear receptor activation | BPA, phthalates, PCBs | Saturated fatty acids | PPAR‑γ, steroid receptors |
| Epigenetic alterations | PCBs, BPA, PM2.5 | Western diet (prenatal) | DNA methylation, histone acetylation |