Therapeutic Agent

Experimental Model

Effects

References

Isorhapontigenin (ISO)

Rat Chondrocytes

Suppressed the IL-1β-induced inflammation and cartilage matrix damage

[36]

Kinsenoside (Kin)

Chondrocytes

Attenuated IL-1β-induced chondrocyte damage

[37]

Anthocyanins and Metabolites

Chondrocytes

Inhibited IL-1β-induced matrix metalloproteinases expression

[38]

Emodin

Rat Chondrocytes

Induced chondrocytes proliferation and downregulated the expression of several inflammatory mediators

[39]

Kaempferol

Rat Chondrocytes

Inhibited the IL-1β-induced expression of inflammatory mediator proteins such as COX2 and the common matrix-degrading enzymes MMP-1, MMP-3, and MMP-13

[40]

Schisandrin B

Rat Chondrocytes; Rat

Decreased IL-1β-induced upregulation of MMP-3, MMP-13, IL-6, and iNOS, and increased IL-1β-induced downregulation of collagen II and aggrecan

[41]

Echinocystic Acid (EA)

Chondrocytes

Inhibited IL-1β-stimulated the production of MMP-13, NO, and PGE2, as well as the expression of iNOS and COX-2

[42]

Gentiopicroside

Rat Chondrocytes

Inhibited IL-1β-induced inflammation response and increased Collagen type II expression

[43]

Hydrogen Sulfde (H2S)

Chondrocytes

Reversed the effect of IL-1β on the MMP-13, PGE2, and NO production and on the gene expression of COX-2, MMP-13, and iNOS

[44]

Nicotine

Chondrocytes

Inhibited MIA- or IL1β-induced chondrocyte activation via the α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7-nAChR)

[45]

ERK Inhibitor U0126

Chondrocytes

Abrogated lactoferrin (LF) activation of BMP7 gene expression

[46]

Melatonin

Rabbit OA Model

Induced cytoprotection and anti-inflammatory effect against H₂O₂-stimulated the expression of cytotoxicity, iNOS, and COX-2

[47]

Inhibition of ERK with PD98059

Rabbit Chondrocytes

Suppressed SIRT2-induced dedifferentiation and COX-2 expression

[48]

Transduction of Lysyl Oxidase Like-2 (LOXL2)

OA Chondrocytes

Inhibited chondrocyte apoptosis and increased the mRNA levels of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (CSPG4), aggrecan (ACAN), sex-determining region Y-box containing gene 9 (SOX9), and COL2A1, but reduced the levels of MMP-1, MMP-3, and MMP-13

[49]

Physiological Concentration of Soluble Uric Acid (sUA)

Chondrocytes

Showed anti-inflammatory and chondro-protective effect

[50]

ERK Inhibition

Chondrocytes

Exert therapeutic effect against the harmful effects of macrophage inhibition factor (MIF)-CD74 signal in human degenerated cartilage endplate (CEP) degeneration

[51]

Glycoprotein 130 (gp130)

Chondrocytes; Rat Partial Meniscectomy Model

Reduced apoptosis and hypertrophic responses, and the breakdown of cartilage matrix in regenerated cartilage

[52]

The Inhibitor of Angiopoietin-Like Protein 2 (aNgPtl2)

Chondrocytes

Downregulated the expression of the inflammation-related factor gene

[53]

IL?37

Chondrocytes

Suppressed the expression of pro?inflammatory factors via IL?1R8

[54]

Cilengitide

Chondrocytes

Inhibited the stimulation of excessive mechanically induced inflammatory reaction by upregulating the expression of IL?1β, TNF?α, MMP?3, and MMP?13

[55]

Semaphorin 3A (Sema3A)

Chondrocytes

Inhibited the gene expression of inflammatory cytokines upregulated by CTS

[56]

Focal Adhesion Kinase (FAK)

Chondrocytes

Suppressed inflammation-related factors such as COX-2, IL-1β, and TNF-α in chondrocytes under CTS

[57]

miR-125b mimic

Chondrocytes

Inhibited several pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines and growth factors secretion, such as IL-6, IL-8, INF-γ, IGFBP-1, and PGDF-BB

[58]

Mesenchymal Stem Cell Derived Exosomes (MSC-Exos)

Chondrocytes

Promoted the viability of chondrocytes

[59]