Assessment Method

Examples

Epidemiological Application

Environmental Monitoring

Ambient PM_2.5, water heavy metals

Linking spatial exposure to health outcomes

Biological Monitoring

Blood lead, urinary cadmium

Internal dose metrics; used in cohort studies

Exposomics (Non-Targeted HRMS)

PFAS, microplastics, unknown contaminants

Discovery-based associations; early warning

Wearable Sensors + Omics

Personal exposure monitoring with multi-omics

Real-time exposure-response in panel studies

Biomarkers of Effect

8-OHdG, cytokines, KIM-1

Mechanistic confirmation of exposure-effect chains