Category

Biomarker

Biological Sample

Main Utility

Oxidative Stress

MDA, 8-OHdG, protein carbonyls

Urine, plasma, exhaled breath condensate

Lipid peroxidation, DNA damage

Inflammatory Cytokines

CRP, IL-6, TNF-α, fibrinogen

Serum/plasma

Systemic inflammation

Lung Injury

CC16, SP-D

Serum

Bronchiolar/alveolar damage

Kidney Injury

KIM-1, NGAL, microalbuminuria

Urine, plasma

Early tubular injury

Apoptosis/ Autophagy

HMGB1 (acetylation, redox isoforms)

Serum

Inflammatory cell death

Epigenetic

BDNF and KISS1 methylation

Whole blood

Neuroendocrine disruption

Metabolomic

Eicosanoids, ceramides, glutathione pathway metabolites

Urine, plasma

Oxidative stress pathways