| Author, year and type of study) | Protocol (Parameter studied, Resin used, Post curing used) | Outcome | ||||||
| L. Perea-Lowery et al. [10] , 2021 In vitro study | Parameters studied: Flexural strength, elastic modulus, fracture toughness, work of fracture, water sorption, and water solubility Resin used: 3D-printing denture base (Imprimo®), heat-polymerizing acrylic resin (Paladon® 65), an auto polymerizing acrylic resin (Palapress®) Post curing used: Imprimo Cure® and Form Cure®). | Increased post-curing temperature may enhance the flexural properties of resin monomers used for 3D-printing dental appliances. | ||||||
| Wenceslao Piedra-Cascón et al. [14] , 2021 Narrative review | Parameters studied: The surface roughness, printing accuracy, and mechanical properties Protocol: Collection of published articles related to vat-polymerization technologies in Three search engines: Medline/PubMed, EBSCO, and Cochrane. | The post-processing techniques significantly influence the surface roughness, printing accuracy, and mechanical properties of the manufactured dental device. | ||||||
| Yousif A. Al-Dulaijan et al. [15] , 2021 In vitro study | Parameters studied: The surface roughness and hardness resin used: One conventional heat-polymerized (HP) resin and two 3D-printing resins (Next Dent (ND) and ASIGA (AS) Post curing used: Different orientations (0-, 45-, and 90-degree) and each orientation group was subjected to four post-curing times (30, 60, 90, 120 min). | The hardness of AS and ND improved when increasing post-curing time to 120 min. The printing orientations and post-curing time did not affect the surface roughness. | ||||||
| Min-Jung Kang et al. [16] , 2022 In vitro study | Parameters studied: The flexural properties, Vickers microhardness, degree of conversion and 3D accuracy Resin used: (MAZIC D TEMP, VERICOM, Kangwon, Korea) was used as a material for the crown and bridge, and a DLP-type 3D printer (Asiga Max UV, Asiga, Sydney, Australia) Post curing used: light intensities: 1.4 - 1.6, 2.2 - 3.0, 3.8 - 4.4, and 6.4 - 7.0 mW/cm post-curing time: 5, 10, and 20 min. | The flexural properties and Vickers microhardness showed a sharp increase at the beginning of the post-curing and then tended to increase gradually as the light intensity and post-curing time increased. No significant difference between groups was found for the accuracy analysis. | ||||||
| Gun Song et al. [17] , 2021 In vitro study | Parameters studied: The volumetric change, degree of conversion, and cytotoxicity Resin used: Dio C&B Post curing used: Under three different times conditions: 5 min, 30 min, and 24 h. | The post-curing duration was found to have an insignificant influence on the degree of conversion and cell viability. A post-curing duration of 5 min is considered to be clinically acceptable and can thus be applied in clinical practice. | ||||||
| Ahmed Altarazi et al. [18] , 2022 In vitro study | Parameters studied: The microhardness, the flexural property, Sorption and solubility, the degree of conversion Resin used: 3D-printed denture base resin specimens (Next Dent) Post curing: Specimens fabricated in 0˚, 45˚, and 90˚ POs, followed by three CTs (20, 30, and 50 min). | No significant difference in any of the tested properties was found when the post-curing times were increased from 20 to 50 min. | ||||||
| Bartłomiej Nowacki et al. [19] , 2021 In vitro study | Parameters studied: The tensile and bending strength and surface quality. Resin used: Anycubic (Shenzhen, China). Post curing: Washing time: 5, 10 or 30 min post-curing: UV rays: 10, 30, 60 min | The post-curing time has been found to strongly affect the tensile and bending strength. Washing significantly affects the quality of the printout surface but it has an ambiguous effect on the strength of the printouts, extended washing slightly reduces the strength. The optimal washing time is no more than 10 min and the post-curing time is at least 30 min. | ||||||
| Junichiro Wada et al. [20] , 2022 in vitro study | Parameters studied: Flexural strength, flexural modulus, Vickers hardness (VHN), fracture toughness, degree of double bond conversion (DC%), water sorption, water solubility, and 3D microlayer structure. Resin used: (KeySplint® Soft, Keystone Industries GmbH, Singen, Germany) Post curing: Two different atmospheric conditions (air and nitrogen gas (N2). | The post-curing at an N2 atmosphere significantly enhanced all of the evaluated properties except water sorption, 3D microlayer structure, and fracture toughness. | ||||||
| Sultan Aati et al. [21] , 2022 In vitro study | Parameters studied: Flexural strength/modulus, fracture toughness and surface hardness, degree of conversion, water sorption, solubility, and cell viability. Resin used: 3D-printed PMMA-based denture material in comparison to a conventional heat-cured alternative as a control. Post curing used: Post-curing for 0, 5, 10 or 20 min at 200 W and light wavelength range of 390-540 nm. | Flexural strength/modulus, fracture toughness and surface hardness, degree of conversion, water sorption, solubility, and cell viability were significantly improved with the increase in light curing time up to 20 min which exhibited comparable performance as the conventional heat-cured control. | ||||||
| Jorge Soto-Montero et al. [22] , 2022 In vitro study | Parameters studied: Color change, flexural strength (FS), modulus (FM) and microhardness at different depths. Resin used: Cosmos Temp3D (COS), Smart Print BioTemp (SM) Resilab3D Temp (RES) and Prizma 3D BioProv (PRI). Post curing used: five different post-curing conditions (no post-curing or 5-, 10-, 15, and 20 min of post-curing). | 5 - 10 min of post-curing will result in adequate mechanical properties, without affecting the acceptability in the color of the material. | ||||||
| Leila Perea-Lowery [23] , 2021 In vitro study | Parameters studied: Flexural strength and flexural modulus. surface hardness, fracture toughness, and work of fracture, the degree of conversion. Resin used: 96 bar-shaped specimens (Asiga MAX), half of them with a layer thickness of 100 μm (Group A), and half with 50 μm (Group B). Post curing used: Post-curing with light emitting diode (LED) and nitrogen gas; post-curing with only LED; and non-post-curing | The post-curing method plays a role in the mechanical properties of the investigated 3D Printed occlusal splints material. The combination of heat and light within the post-curing unit can enhance the mechanical properties and degree of conversion of 3D printed occlusal splints. | ||||||
| Ping Li et al. [24] , 2021 In vitro study | Parameters studied: Surface characteristics, flexural strength, and cytotoxicity Resin used: A total of 172 specimens were additively manufactured using one denture base material (V-Print dentbase, VOCO) Polymethyl methacrylate resin (Pala Express Ultra) was used as a reference. Post curing used: Post-cured by different light-curing devices, including Otoflash G171 (OF), Labolight DUO (LL), PCU LED (PCU), and LC-3DPrintbox (PB), respectively. | The different post-curing methods applied did not significantly influence surface topography and roughness (Ra). Flexural strength was significantly affected by the post polymerization methods Various post polymerization methods reduced the cytotoxic effects of the 3D-printed denture base polymer. | ||||||
| Beom-Il Lee et al. [25] , 2021 In vitro study | Parameters studied: The accuracy (trueness and precision) Resin used: 30 interim crowns were fabricated using a DLP-type 3D printer. (Next Dent C&B, Next Dent, Soesterberg, Netherlands) Post curing used: Three different time conditions-10-minute post-curing interim crown (10-MPCI), 20-minute post-curing interim crown (20-MPCI), and 30-minute post-curing interim crown (30-MPCI) (n = 10 per group). | In the 10-MPCI, 20-MPCI, and 30-MPCI groups, there was a statistically significant difference in the accuracy of the external and intaglio surfaces (P < 0.05). On the external and intaglio surfaces, the root mean square (RMS) values of trueness and precision were the lowest in the 10-MPCI group. Interim crowns with 10-minute post-curing showed high accuracy. | ||||||
| Marcel Reymus et al. [26] , 2020 In vitro study | Parameters studied: Fracture load. Resin used: 15 specimens for each subgroup Next Dent C&B (CB), Freeprint temp (FT), and 3Delta temp (DT). Post curing used: Labolight DUO, Otoflash G171, and LC-3DPrint Box. The positive control group was milled from TelioCAD (TC), the negative control group was fabricated from a conventional interim material Luxatemp (LT). | The highest impact on values was exerted by interactions between 3D print material and post-curing unit (ηP2 = 0.233, p < 0.001), followed by the 3D print material (ηP2 = 0.219, p < 0.001) and curing device (ηP2 = 0.108, p < 0.001). Post-curing has an impact on the mechanical stability of printed FDPs. | ||||||
| Hoyeon Kim et al. [27] , 2020 In vitro study
| Parameters studied: MECHANICAL PROPERTIES. Resin used: A commercial AND SLR METHODS (Clear Resin, XYZ Printing Inc.) was used as a base resin. Clear Resin consists of urethane diacrylates, acrylic monomers, and a photoinitiator. Post curing used: The samples were washed with isopropanol several times to remove uncured SLRs. Dual-cured samples were prepared by heating the printed objects in a convection oven for 2 h at 80, 120, or 160 °C to obtain the fully cured 3D-printed samples. | The dual-curing process significantly improved various mechanical properties of the final products, including their impact strength (by more than 300%), tensile strength (by more than 200%), storage modulus (E'), and elongation at break, which thereby reduced the brittleness of the printed object. | ||||||
| Edmara T P Bergam et al. [28] , 2022 In vitro study | Parameters studied: Elastic modulus; water sorption, degree of conversion Resin used: Conventional PMMA (Alike, GC) - group CGC; conventional PMMA (Dêncor, Clássico) - group CD; bis-acryl (Tempsmart, GC) - group BGC; bis-acryl (Yprov, Yller) - group BY; milled PMMA (TelioCAD, Ivoclar) - group MI; 3D printed bis-acryl - (Cosmos Temp, Yller) group PY. Post curing used: Half of the specimens were subjected to 5000 thermal cycles (5˚C to 55˚C). | Thermal cycling significantly affected the mechanical properties of polymeric systems used for temporary dental prostheses. | ||||||
| Danuta Miedzinska et al. [29] , 2020 In vitro study | Parameters studied: Strain rate Resin used: Resin Durable (formlabs) mixture of methacrylic acid esters, photohigh density polyethylene (HDPE). The resin is composed of a mixture of methacrylic acid esters, initiators, photo-initiators, proprietary proprietary pigment, pigment, and additive and additive packages packagesphotocurable Post curing used: For the tests, 5-minute and 30-min, 60 min curing times were also considered | The curing time influenced the strengthening process for each strain rate. For the static and dynamic tests, the difference in the mechanical parameters is significant with the shortest curing time of 5 min. For the times of 30 and 60 min, the change in properties is not as significant. | ||||||
| Mario Monzon et al. [30] , 2017 In vitro study | Parameters studied: Anisotropy Resin used: Three photopolymers Castable Blend. Monomers: Acrylate/Glycol diacrylate. Photoinitiator: Phosphine oxide based/VisiJet® FTX Green. Monomers: Triethylenglycol diacrylate/Tricyclodecane dimethanol diacrylate. Photoinitiator: Phenyl oxide bis (2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl) phosphine/Industrial Blend. Acrylate/Glycol diacrylate. Photoinitiator: Phosphine oxide based. Post curing used: Chamber UV lamp wavelength, 315 - 400 nm, irradiance 1350 µw/cm2 (at 15 cm). Different post-curing times to a maximum of 60 min were tested. | post-curing can, in some cases, correct the anisotropy, mainly depending on the nature of the photopolymer. | ||||||
| Gustavo González et al. [31] , 2020 In vitro study | Parameters studied: Biocompatibility Resin used: Asiga, Australia, commercial Digital Light Processing (DLP) 3D printer Post curing: 1) Sonication in ethanol for 5 min followed by sterilization under UV light for 5 min 2) Incubation in ethanol for 2h then followed by sterilization under UV light for 5 min | Both the ethanol and the UV light sterilization methods do not damage the 3D printed wells; furthermore, live and dead assay showed that cells grow in both the samples. Immersion in ethanol results in small defects in the transparency of the 3D printed wells if compared to the UV treated: the best sterilization method was UV-sterilization. | ||||||
| Jong-Eun Kim et al. [32] , 2021 In vitro study | Parameters studied: Color and translucency stability Resin used: DT-1 A2 and A3 (HA2 and HA3; Hephzibah, Incheon, Korea), Next Dent C&B MFH N1 and Next Dent C&B A3.5 (NN1 and NA3; Next Dent, Soesterburg, The Netherlands), and DIOnavi C&B A3 (DA3; DIO Inc., Busan, Korea). Post curing: UV chamber (Cure M D102H; SONA Global, Seoul, Korea) with a UV intensity of 220 µ W cm−2 for 20 min. | The color of 3D printable dental materials changed with time, and the differences varied with the materials used. On the contrary, the changes in translucency were small | ||||||
| Sang-Yub Lee et al. [33] , 2022 In vitro study | Parameters studied: The color stability Post curing used: Specimens were post-polymerized under different conditions of oxygen inhibition, such as on glycerin immersion (GLY), medium-low vacuum environment (VA), and oxygen contact (CON, the control group), and temperature (35˚C, 60˚C, and 80˚C). | In the post-polymerization process, increasing the temperature and GLY were effective in reducing ΔE, which was lowest at 80˚C in the GLY group. | ||||||
| Dong Wu et al. [34] , 2019 In vitro study | Parameters studied: Degree of conversion Resin used: a mixture of 99.21 weight% (wt%) PEGDA (poly(ethylene glycol) (200) diacrylate; Sigma Aldrich, Shanghai, P. R. China), 0.69 wt% Irgacure 819 (phenylbis (2,4,6 trimethylbenzoyl) phosphine oxide; Macklin, Shanghai, P. R. China) as a photoinitiator, and 0.10 wt% photoabsorber Sudan I (Adamas-beta, Shanghai, P. R. China). Post curing: UV light with a constant intensity along the direction perpendicular to the surface | The post-curing UV intensity can significantly change the degree of conversion in the material. | ||||||