Disinfection

technology

Inactivation efficiency

Scalability

Bacteria

Viruses

Crypto

DBPs formation

Toxicity

Aesthetics

Costs

Bench

Pilot

Ops

Residual

Ozone

√

√

√^a

√^c

√

√

√

√

√

√

×

Ultraviolet (UV) light

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

×

Direct electrochemical

√

#

?

√^e

?^d

√^e

√

√

√

?

√^e

Mixed oxidant generators

√

√

√

√^e

√

√^e

√

√

√

√

√

TiO₂ photocatalysis

√

√

#

√

?

?

×

√

√

?

×

Irradiation

√

√

#

√

√

√

×

√

√

?

×

Pulsed electric fields

√

#

#

√

?

?

×

√

√

?

×

Sonication

√

#

#

√

√

√

×

√

?

?

×

Metal ions (Au/Ag/Cu)

√

√^ab

?

√

√^d

×^a

?

√

√

?

√^c

Ferrates

√

√

?

√

√

?

?

√

?

?

×