| Parameters | Role |
1 | Injection Speed | Determines the rate at which molten material is injected into the mold, affecting fill time and pressure distribution within the cavity [10] . |
2 | Mold Temperature | Regulates the mold’s temperature to influence material cooling and solidification, impacting part quality, warpage, and cycle time [11] . |
3 | Melt Temperature | Controls the temperature of the melted material, affecting viscosity, flowability, and part properties, including shrinkage and warpage [12] . |
4 | Holding Pressure | Manages the pressure applied during the holding phase to ensure proper material packing, influence dimensional accuracy, and reduce voids [13] . |
5 | Dimensional Accuracy | Influenced by multiple factors, including temperature, pressure, and material properties, affecting the precision of the final part [14] . |
6 | Warpage | Affected by material properties, cooling rate, and mold temperature, warpage is a distortion in the final part’s shape and can be minimized with process adjustments [15] . |
7 | Shrinkage | Influenced by material properties and cooling rates, shrinkage refers to the reduction in part dimensions as it cools and solidifies within the mold [16] . |
8 | Cycle Time | The total time required to complete one molding cycle, including injection, cooling, and ejection, with optimization efforts aimed at reducing production time [17] . |