| Author and year | N | Sex | Age | Instrument | Comparison group and Outcome | Period | |||
| Women | Men | ||||||||
| Sole B. et al. 2021 Spain- EUROPE | 619 CC = 413 MI = 206 D/A = 50 BD/SCZ = 148 Only BD = 114 | CC | CC 44.89 (±14.04)
BD/SCZ 48.82 (±12.36) | Online survey SCALES | D/A vs BD/SCZ (sleep) Sleep disturbances: D/A = 76% vs BD/SCH = 55.4% No sleep troubles (good sleep, wake up rested, relaxed): D/A = 20.0% vs BD/SCH = 21.6% No sleep changes: D/A = 4.0% vs BD/SCH = 23.0% Sleep routine changes: D/A = 16.0% vs BD/SCH = 14.9% Going to bed: -Later-D/A = 50.0% vs BD/SCH = 23.0%, p < 0.001 -Earlier-D/A = 4.0% vs BD/SCH = 8.8%, p = 0.364 CC vs MI (sleep) Sleep changes: p = 0.004 Sleep disturbances: CC = 51.1% vs MI = 60.7% No sleep troubles: CC = 18.4% vs MI = 24.4% No sleep changes: CC = 30.5% vs MI = 18.0% Going to bed: -Earlier-MI = 7.3% vs CC = 1.9%, p = 0.001 -Later-MI = 30.1% vs CC = 20.3%, p = 0.007 | May-June 2020 | |||
| 433 70% | 171 27.6% | ||||||||
|
BD/SCZ | |||||||||
| 87 60.8% | 61 39.2% | ||||||||
| Van Rheenen TE. et al. 2020 Australia | 4459 CC = 3167 MI (BD or DD) = 1292 | CC | SCZ 42.95 (±10.76)
BD 40.77 (±11.76) | Online survey Self-reported changes | CC vs MI Change in sleep duration: p < 0.001 More: CC = 26.4% vs MI = 35.6% Less: CC = 42.3% vs MI = 46.7% No Change: CC = 31.3% vs MI = 17.7% | April-June 2020 | |||
| 79.3% | 20.7% | ||||||||
|
MI | |||||||||
| 86.5% | 13.5% | ||||||||
| Pinkham AE. et al. 2020 Texas, San Diego, Miami-USA | 148 SCZ = 92 vs BD = 55 | MI | CC 42.26 (±14.11) MI 37.16 (±11.84) | EMA questionnaire | Sleep in hours Pre lockdown SCZ = 7.35 hours vs BD = 6.85 hours During lockdown SCZ = 7.01 hours vs BD = 7.06 hours | April-June 2020 | |||
| 71.4% | 28.6% | ||||||||
| Yocum A. et al. 2021 Michigan- USA | 560 CC = 147 vs BD = 345 | BD | <60 70.31% >=60 29.69% | PSQI | BD vs CC ΒD >30 min to fall asleep (p = 0.0003) BD worse sleep quality (p = 0.0027) BD more likely to take sleep medications (p < 0.0001) BD more hours of asleep per day (p = 0.1812) | April-May 2020 | |||
| 69.28% | 30.72% | ||||||||
| Carta MG. et al. 2021 Italy- EUROPE Tunisia- AFRICA | 70 BD 40 in Italy 30 in Tunisia | BD Italy | Italy 48.57 (± 11.64) Tunisia 41.8 (± 13.22) | BRIAN scale | Italian sample showed worse scores regarding sleep, than Tunisian sample (p < 0.0001). | April-June 2020 | |||
| 28 70% | 12 30% | ||||||||
|
BD Tunisia | |||||||||
| 16 53.3% | 14 46.7% | ||||||||
| Fellendorf FT. et al. 2021 Austria- EUROPE | 39 CC = 19 vs BD = 20 | BD | BD 49.35 (±15.55)
CC 33.05 (±9.66) | Online survey PSQI | BD vs CC T1 (9-28 April 2020) BD scored worse sleep. Important differences in: -sleep quality (p = 0.024) -sleep latency (p = 0.045) -daytime sleepiness (p = 0.007) -the PSQI sum (p = 0.012) -a tendency in sleep disorders (p =0.092).
T2/Rerun (5 May 2020-4 June 2020) BD scoring was still higher, but there was no meaningful differences to HC anymore (p = 0.192). | April-June 2020 | |||
| 10 50% | 10 50% | ||||||||
| CC | |||||||||
| 14 73.7% | 5 26.3% | ||||||||
| Dalkner N et al. 2022 Austria, Denmark, Germany- EUROPE | 234 CC = 117 BD = 117 | BD | BD 43.32 (±13.17)
CC 43.36 (± 13.82) | Online survey PSQI | BD vs CC BD scored higher in PSQI: 7.34 (BD) > 4.24 (CC) (p=0.001) | May- September 2020 | |||
| 78 (66.6%) | 39 (33.3%) | ||||||||
|
CC | |||||||||
| 78 (66.6%) | 39 (33.3%) | ||||||||
| Elizabeth Ann Barrett et al. 2022 Norway- EUROPE | 520 PsD = 75 BD = 445 | BD | BD 37.1 (±12)
PsD 35 (±14) | Online survey PSQI | BD vs PsD Insomnia symptoms: -More/no change/less, n (%): 181 (41%)/ 236 (53%)/28 (6%) vs 31(41%)/36 (48%)/ 8 (11%) (p = 0.351) Troubling nightmares: -More/no change/less, n (%): 108 (24%)/ 316 (71%)/21 (5%) vs 25 (33%)/46 (61%)/ 4 (5%) (p = 0.209) Sleep duration before COVID-19 outbreak h, M: 8.7 vs 9.3 (p = 0.032) Sleep duration after COVID-19outbreak h, M: 8.8 vs 9.2 (p = 0.259) | June-July 2020 | |||
| 358 (80%) | 84 (19%) | ||||||||
|
PsD | |||||||||
| 62 (83%) | 11 (15%) | ||||||||