| Measurement Variables | University | N | Mean | Std. Deviation | Mean Difference | t | Sig. (2-tailed) |
| Inadequate financial support from university authorities (C1) | JU | 62 | 3.00 | 1.173 | −1.38 | −2.635 | 0.006 |
| UG | 80 | 4.38 | 1.102 |
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| Lack of trained library personnel on ICT (C2) | JU | 62 | 2.15 | 1.157 | −1.95 | −2.881 | 0.001 |
| UG | 80 | 4.10 | 1.277 |
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| Erratic power supply (C3) | JU | 62 | 1.10 | 1.169 | −3.03 | −4.124 | 0.000 |
| UG | 80 | 4.13 | 1.090 |
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| Lack of awareness of ICT potentials by users (C4) | JU | 62 | 2.16 | 1.104 | −0.69 | 1.207 | 0.232 |
| UG | 80 | 2.85 | 1.369 |
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| Poor attitude of staff towards library automation (C5) | JU | 62 | 2.84 | 1.190 | −1.04 | −4.770 | 0.000 |
| UG | 80 | 3.88 | 0.853 |
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| Poor attitude of university management on ICT (C6) | JU | 62 | 2.31 | 1.249 | −1.27 | −2.175 | 0.023 |
| UG | 80 | 3.58 | 0.903 |
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| Lack of access to appropriate ICT equipment (C7) | JU | 62 | 2.23 | 0.895 | −1.10 | −1.985 | 0.041 |
| UG | 80 | 3.33 | 1.023 |
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| Fear of change and a lack of personal change management skills (C8) | JU | 62 | 2.24 | 1.141 | −1.19 | −2.914 | 0.000 |
| UG | 80 | 3.43 | 0.874 |
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| Lack of ICT equipment support (C9) | JU | 62 | 2.00 | 1.071 | −1.95 | −2.235 | 0.020 |
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| UG | 80 | 3.95 | 1.037 |
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| Obsolescence of software and hardware (C10) | JU | 62 | 2.06 | 0.918 | −1.09 | −1.994 | 0.050 |
| UG | 80 | 3.15 | 1.001 |
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| Cost of maintenance (C11) | JU | 62 | 2.71 | 1.107 | −.840 | −3.789 | 0.000 |
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| UG | 80 | 3.55 | 1.085 |
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| Cost of staff training (C12) | JU | 62 | 2.76 | 1.112 | −.292 | −1.314 | 0.192 |
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| UG | 80 | 3.05 | 1.085 |
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| No suitable working environment (C13) | JU | 62 | 1.69 | 1.065 | −.310 | −1.332 | 0.187 |
| UG | 80 | 2.00 | 1.177 |
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| Poor internet connection (C14) | JU | 62 | 1.19 | 1.226 | −2.99 | 4.310 | 0.000 |
| UG | 80 | 4.18 | 1.181 |
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| Lack of back up services i.e. electricity/generator (C15) | JU | 62 | 2.90 | 1.211 | −0.78 | −3.552 | 0.001 |
| UG | 80 | 3.68 | 0.971 |
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| Lack of interest by library users (C16) | JU | 62 | 2.56 | 1.236 | −0.270 | −1.122 | 0.264 |
| UG | 80 | 2.83 | 0.984 |
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| Lack of co-operation within libraries (C17) | JU | 62 | 2.37 | 1.059 | 0.071 | 0.324 | 0.746 |
| UG | 80 | 2.30 | 1.091 |
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| Copyright and intellectual property rights management (C18) | JU | 62 | 3.45 | 1.169 | 0.077 | 0.366 | 0.715 |
| UG | 80 | 3.38 | 0.774 |
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