Variables

Method

Levin, Lin & Chu t*

Im, Pesaran and Shin W-stat

ADF-Fisher Chi-square

PP-Fisher Chi-square

GDP

−1.38578

−0.70643

26.7452

27.5865

∆lnGDP

0.0829**

0.24**

0.0839**

0.0686**

CO₂

3.3075

3.46676

4.42422

3.28478

∆lnCO₂

0.9995**

0.9997**

0.9995**

0.9999**

GFC

1.97807

2.40531

8.22227

14.2619

∆lnGFC

0.976**

0.9919**

0.9751**

0.7119**

REC

3.57497

2.3286

6.42687

12.2496

∆lnREC

0.9998**

0.9901**

0.9941**

0.8341**

REO

0.27176

1.60946

15.5787

14.108

∆lnREO

0.6071**

0.9462**

0.6219**

0.722**