| Reference | Study region | Study Time | Results of the study | Method |
| Lise [32] | Turkey | 1980-2003 | CO2←GDP | Complete decomposition analysis |
| Coondoo et al. [31] | All parts of the World | 1990-2009 | CO2→GDP: For America, Western and Eastern Europe, GDP→CO2: for South and Central America, Oceania and Japan, and GDP↔CO2: for Africa and Asia | Granger causality test |
| Al-Mulali et al. [33] | Middle East | 1968-2003 | GDP→CO2 | Panel data analysis |
| Akbostanci et al. [34] | Turkey | 1991-2002 | CO2↔GDP | Environment Kuznets Curve |
| Fodha et al. [35] | Tunisia | 1961-2004 | CO2←GDP | EKC |
| Nie et al. [36] | China | 1995-2014 | Positive relationship between (GDP & CO2) in Eastern region. Negative relationship between(GDP & CO2) in Western region | PSTR model |
| Arouri et al. [20] | North Africa and Middle East Countries | 1981-2005 | GDP has a quadratic connection with CO2 | EKC hypothesis |
| Pao et al. [37] | Brazil | 1980-2007 | Relationship between CO2 & GDP is an inverted-U. GDP↔CO2↔REC | GMs and ARIMA |
| Saboori et al. [3] | Malaysia | 1980-2009 | Long-run relation between CO2 & GDP | EKC and ECM |
| CO2 & GDP have an inverted-U shape in short & long term. | ||||
| Farhani et al. [38] | Tunisia | 1971-2008 |
| ARDL |
| Ahmed et al. [40] | Pakistan | 1978-2008 | Inverted-U relationship between CO2 & GDP | EKC and ARDL |
| Chang [41] | China | 1995-2007 | GDP↔CO2 | Multivariate Granger Causality Tests |
| Raza et al. [42] | USA | 1973-2015 | CO2 has a positive impact on GDP in short-run, but GDP→CO2 in long-run | Wavelet technique |
| Nasreen et al. [43] | Asian Countries | 1980-2017 | A 1% rise in GDP results in 0.46% rise in CO2 | Common correlated effects mean group (CMG) |
| Yang et al. [44] | USA | 1990-2017 | GDP→CO2 | Maki Co-integration, DOLS and Robust Regression |
| Saidi et al. [45] | Sub-Saharan Africa, North Africa, Middle East, Europe, North Asia, Latin America and Caribbean | 1990-2012 | CO2→REC, GDP→REC | Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) |