Periods

Experts

Opinions about OBE

The period of advocacy

Tyler (1949).

Determination of curriculum design by explicit objectives expressed in terms of changes the learning was supposed to produce in the behavior of students

Bloom (1956)

Classification of a taxonomy of educational goals into knowledge, skills, and attitudes, and stress of their communicable abilities

Mager (1997)

Instructional objectives

Spady (1994)

OBE as a process of clearly focusing and organizing everything in an educational system around what is essential for all students to be able to do successfully at the end of their learning experiences

Harden et al. (1999)

OBE as a performance-based approach at the cutting edge of curriculum development (that) offers a powerful and appealing way of reforming and managing medical education

The period of implementation

Killen (2000)

Formulation of OBE’s three basic premises: all students can learn and succeed, but not all at the same time or in the same way; successful learning promotes even more successful learning; schools (and teachers) control the conditions that determine whether or not students are successful at school learning

Simpson et al. (2002).

Possibility of meeting the first requirement of OBE, to define learning outcomes

Tucker (2004)

OBE as a process that should involve the restructuring of curriculum, assessment, and reporting practices in education

Biggs & Tang (2009)

OBE educators striving for student achievement at a level appropriate for each individual and the outcomes specifically to enhance teaching and assessment, always allowing for unintended but desirable outcomes

The period of

recommendation

Cooke et al. (2010)

Recommendation of widespread adoption of OBE and clear, progressive expectations of learners

Hodges (2010)

Standardization of learning outcomes based on a “production discourse”