Instruments

Cronbach alpha

Numerical Rating Scale (NRS)

0.89

Elderly Mobility Scale (EMS)

0.88

Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire (PSEQ)

0.95

State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI)

0.90

Subjective Happiness Scale (SHS)

0.69

Geriatric Depression Scale―Short Form (GDS)

0.90

Health Survey Short Form 12

0.76