Hybrid processes

Description

Electrocoagulation (EC)/Electro-Fenton (EF)

Electrocoagulation (EC) process has the potential to kill pathogens efficiently and economically as the cost for electrode materials (Fe, Al) are relatively minor [143] [144] [145] . Several researchers merged EC with other techniques [146] [147] [148] . Other scientists juxtaposed EC to different techniques like Electro-Fenton (EF) [33] . EF with an in situ formation of OH is affiliated to AOPs and frequently proposed for treating wastewater [139] . Comparatively to EC, researches depicted better disinfection impacts of the EF method [149] [150] .

ED/filtration

Filtration could be used with filters possessing defined pore size distribution as with nanopore-filters [151] [152] [153] . This permits filtration of organic matter and MOs [154] [155] . If pursued by ED, disinfection performance could be attained and by-product generation will be reduced. Supplementary adsorption after filtration may ameliorate the yields [33] . Different original design is using reactive membranes [156] [157] [158] . Membrane-integrated electrodes could participate to membrane disinfection from time to time or add disinfecting species to the water flowing through [159] [160] .

ED/adsorption

High surfaces of adsorbing materials help them to adsorb MOs on uncharged or charged surfaces [161] [162] . In reverse or changed electrode potential, MOs could be repulsed and electrochemically demobilized [163] . Last essential functionality is once more the adsorption of products and by-products after a first-step ED procedure [164] .

ED/photocatalysis

The semiconductor composition of Mixed Metal Oxide (MMO) electrode material makes it interesting for being merged with irradiation (electro-photocatalytic disinfection [165] [166] [167] . Researchers examined usual issues, concepts and tendencies [165] [166] . Scientists focused on efficiency estimation [167] , usage of nanomaterials and novel electrode design [33] , disinfection by-products, and Cl2 generation [33] .