Variables

Direct effects

Indirect effects

Total effects

lnPOPD

0.223

1.599**

1.822**

lnGDPP

0.691***

2.263**

2.954**

lnGDPP2

−0.0408***

−0.0866

−0.127*

lnENI

−0.0991*

0.323

0.224

lnEXP

−0.0526**

−0.0973

−0.150

lnSEC

0.122

−0.270

−0.149

lnPVEH

0.116***

−0.188**

−0.0726