Determinants

Spatial fixed effects

Time-period fixed effects

Spatial and time-period fixed effects

Spatial random effects and time period fixed effects

W*lnPM2.5

0.762***

0.254

0.649***

0.775***

lnPOPD

0.037

0.312***

−0.281**

0.214***

lnGDPP

0.437**

0.489

−0.1

0.797***

lnGDPP2

−0.0313***

−0.0272*

−0.00381

−0.0469***

lnENI

−0.137***

−0.239***

−0.160***

−0.0873**

lnEXP

−0.0422**

−0.0707***

−0.0459**

−0.0335**

lnSEC

0.153**

0.527***

0.158**

0.113*

lnPVEH

0.139***

0.00299

0.0943***

0.105***

W*lnPOPD

0.429**

0.216***

0.0698

−0.01

W*lnGDPP

0.302

0.199***

−0.386

−0.645***

W*lnGDPP2

−0.00067

0.00203

0.0353*

0.0467***

W*lnENI

0.191**

0.0278

0.169*

0.237***

W*lnEXP

0.0055

−0.209***

−0.0536

−0.00026

W*lnSEC

−0.183

−0.211*

−0.264*

−0.306***

W*lnPVEH

−0.157***

0.0533*

−0.0852**

−0.117***

σ2

0.00460***

0.0287***

0.00388***

0.00498***

R2

0.6146

0.1756

0.0658

0.5497

Log-likelihood

439.7567

133.5305

486.5581

370.7790

Diagnostic tests

Statistics

df

P-value

Hausman test

104.81

15

0.0000

Wald test spatial lag

33.50

7

0.0000

LR test spatial error

27.10

7

0.0003