Determinants | Spatial fixed effects | Time-period fixed effects | Spatial and time-period fixed effects | Spatial random effects and time period fixed effects |
W*lnPM2.5 | 0.762*** | 0.254 | 0.649*** | 0.775*** |
lnPOPD | 0.037 | 0.312*** | −0.281** | 0.214*** |
lnGDPP | 0.437** | 0.489 | −0.1 | 0.797*** |
lnGDPP2 | −0.0313*** | −0.0272* | −0.00381 | −0.0469*** |
lnENI | −0.137*** | −0.239*** | −0.160*** | −0.0873** |
lnEXP | −0.0422** | −0.0707*** | −0.0459** | −0.0335** |
lnSEC | 0.153** | 0.527*** | 0.158** | 0.113* |
lnPVEH | 0.139*** | 0.00299 | 0.0943*** | 0.105*** |
W*lnPOPD | 0.429** | 0.216*** | 0.0698 | −0.01 |
W*lnGDPP | 0.302 | 0.199*** | −0.386 | −0.645*** |
W*lnGDPP2 | −0.00067 | 0.00203 | 0.0353* | 0.0467*** |
W*lnENI | 0.191** | 0.0278 | 0.169* | 0.237*** |
W*lnEXP | 0.0055 | −0.209*** | −0.0536 | −0.00026 |
W*lnSEC | −0.183 | −0.211* | −0.264* | −0.306*** |
W*lnPVEH | −0.157*** | 0.0533* | −0.0852** | −0.117*** |
σ2 | 0.00460*** | 0.0287*** | 0.00388*** | 0.00498*** |
R2 | 0.6146 | 0.1756 | 0.0658 | 0.5497 |
Log-likelihood | 439.7567 | 133.5305 | 486.5581 | 370.7790 |
Diagnostic tests |
| Statistics | df | P-value |
Hausman test | 104.81 | 15 | 0.0000 | |
| Wald test spatial lag | 33.50 | 7 | 0.0000 |
| LR test spatial error | 27.10 | 7 | 0.0003 |