Determinants

Pooled OLS

Spatial-fixed effects

Time-fixed effects

Spatial and time-fixed effects

Constant

−1.942

-

-

-

lnPOPD

0.448***

0.915***

0.445***

−0.384**

lnGDPP

0.889

1.748***

−0.463

−0.438

lnGDPP2

−0.0478

−0.0878***

0.0260

0.0128

lnENI

−0.296*

−0.0228

−0.461***

−0.254***

lnEXP

−0.0983*

0.0312

−0.150***

−0.0737***

lnSEC

0.736***

0.0598

0.991***

0.263***

lnPVEH

0.111**

0.0296

0.125***

0.0313

σ²

0.0646

0.0136

0.0509

0.0078

R²

0.7137

0.5233

0.7511

0.7553

Adjusted R²

0.708

0.5156

0.7471

0.723

Log-likelihood

−14.4457

279.2063

30.1789

405.2118

LM spatial lag

73.9521 (0.000)

247.7633 (0.000)

46.7125 (0.000)

125.5515 (0.000)

Robust LM spatial lag

61.8106 (0.000)

34.4652 (0.000)

86.0563 (0.000)

15.4379 (0.000)

LM spatial error

14.1730 (0.000)

213.3112

0.2866

111.7805 (0.000)

Robust LM spatial error

2.0315

0.0131

39.6303 (0.000)

1.6668

The joint test of significance LR

Fixed effects

Statistics

df

P-value

Spatial-fixed

750.0659

21

0.0000

Time-fixed

252.0110

18

0.0000