Supraja & Singh, (2003)

- 12 patients with clinically detectable spasticity: 10 with complete traumatic spinal cord injury; 2 with hemiplegia after stroke;

- 12 healthy subjects (control group).

- Clinically detectable spasticity;

- Without any history suggestive of knee trauma or disease.

-Ashworth scale modified;

-Isokinetic dynamometer

Model: Biodex system II.

- Passive range of motion performed: not referred;

- Angular velocities of passive movement: 30, 60 and 120˚/s;

- Subject position: seated with restraining straps at the level of the chest, around the abdomen and thigh. Distal attachment 5 cm above the lateral malleolus;

- Instructions to subjects: able bodied subjects were asked to keep their knees relaxed and not to interfere with the passive movement of the knee joint;

- Number of repetitions: Performed 5 repetitions for each speed with 10s rest period;

- Spasticity measurement: Peak maximum torque value measured in ft.lb (foot-pounds);

The maximum peak torque was higher in cases than controls at all angular speeds tested (p < 0.05). These values increased with increase in speed of movement of the limb. Flexion torque (FT) at 3 degree per second was significantly higher than the extension torque (ET) (p < 0.05). In the control group there as no significant difference between FT and ET.

Spasticity could be quantified isokinetic dynamometer which correlated well with Ashworth Scale.

Moreau, Li, Geaghan & Damiano, (2009)

- 17 patients with cerebral palsy (CP).

- Ambulatory CP patients either with or without assistive devices;

- Within Gross Motor Function Classification System Levels I, II, and III;

- No history of orthopedic surgery within 12 months prior to the testing;

- No Botulinum toxin injections within 6 months prior to the testing;

- Absence of knee pain.

-Isokinetic dynamometer

Model: Biodex Medical Systems Incorporated, Shirley, NY, USA;

-EMG.

- Passive range of motion performed: Comfortable range for the patient;

- Angular velocities of passive movement: 5, 10, 30, 60, 90 and 120˚/s;

- Subject position: seated in the Biodex chair;

- Instructions to subjects: the subjects were instructed to relax their muscles;

- Number of repetitions: Performed 3 passive repetitions with 30s of rest between each speed;

- Spasticity measurement: Hamstring and quadriceps spasticity measured with peak resistance during passive knee extension and passive flexion, respectively.

Higher hamstring cocontraction and spasticity and lower hamstring strength were associated with lower levels of hamstring fatigue. Higher quadriceps cocontraction and lower quadriceps strength were the most predictive of lower levels of quadriceps fatigue.