Observation group

Control group

non sarcopenia

pre-sarcopenia

sarcopenia

non sarcopenia

pre-sarcopenia

sarcopenia

Age (years)

56.63 ± 12.73

59.27 ± 9.79

62.67 ± 7.56

54.16 ± 12.02

61.43 ± 6.40

57.60 ± 6.43^a

SMI (kg/m²)

8.04 ± 0.62

6.42 ± 0.68^a

6.50 ± 0.36^a

8.01 ± 0.62

6.62 ± 0.65^a

6.60 ± 0.35^a

Upper limb muscle mass (kg)

6.60 ± 0.98

4.54 ± 0.83^a

5.01 ± 0.51^a

6.37 ± 0.98

4.86 ± 0.70^a

5.30 ± 0.38^a

Lower limb muscle mass (kg)

17.34 ± 2.01

12.84 ± 2.19^a

14.03 ± 1.33^a

16.98 ± 1.88

14.01 ± 1.88^a

14.36 ± 1.08^a

BMI (kg/m²)

27.40 ± 2.04

25.25 ± 2.30^a

23.57 ± 2.51^a

26.33 ± 2.98

25.63 ± 2.45

22.69 ± 1.89^a

Grip strength (kg)

36.06 ± 10.64

36.46 ± 5.48

23.62 ± 9.46^ab

36.97 ± 10.47

36.76 ± 7.29

25.44 ± 8.56^ab

Calf circumference (cm)

37.37 ± 2.99

33.91 ± 3.07^a

33.73 ± 2.67^a

36.53 ± 2.79

34.36 ± 3.46

34.00 ± 2.45