Rao et al.;

UK; 2004 [24]

Randomized clinical trial

68

・ 37 children in the single urine collection pad group and 31 in the replaced urine collection pad group.

・ In 12 children (15%), collection failed mainly because of faecal soiling of the pad.

・ UTI occurred in three children (4%).

・ Remaining 65 samples showed heavy mixed growth (>105 organisms/ml), occurred in 1/31 (3%) in the replaced urine collection pad group compared with 10/35 (29%) in the single urine collection pad group (p = 0.008)

・ No adverse effects from the use of the moisture sensitive audio alarm.

・ Changing the urine collection pad every 30 minutes almost eliminates heavy mixed growth contamination of urine collection pad samples and substantially increases the proportion of UCP results that confidently exclude UTI.

・ This suggests a simple and clinically important improvement to the urine collection pad method which is reliable for diagnosing and excluding UTI in young children still in nappies

・ Urine collection pad has potential for use in outpatient clinics, in the primary healthcare setting, or at home.

Farrell et al.;

UK; 2002 [25]

Pilot, method comparison study

20

・ Despite concurrent samples there was a lack of agreement between bag and pad specimens on both main outcome measures.

・ Poor agreement between bag and pad specimens for the presence of WBC yielded a κ = 0.10 (95% CI: 0.19, 0.39)

・ Moderate agreement in bacterial growth where κ = 0.5 (95% CI: 0.12, 0.88) was calculated

・ Insignificant differences in proportions of the presence of WBC between bag and pad - 0.2 (95% CI: 0.00, 0.42, P = 0.062).

・ Cultures difference was calculated as 0.15 (95% CI: 0.05, 0.35, P = 0.125).

・ Concurrent urine samples can be obtained without difficulty.

・ Despite poor to moderate agreement on outcome measures, the level of agreement is greater than reported in those other studies

・ Advantage of concurrent technique using non-current methods of urine collection

・ Larger scale studies to be undertaken using the concurrent collection technique to assess reliability of these findings.

Li et al.;

Hong Kong; 2002 [28]

Cross sectional study

100

・ Out of the 40 patients, 23 produced negative results in second urine collection and 17 produced positive results, where 5 out of 17 patients were confirmed with UTI.

・ False positive rate on first urine collection was 36.8%.

・ Patients with contaminated urine were found associated with waiting for more than one void to complete urine collection, and with uncircumcised boys as compared to those with negative results.

・ Proper counselling and repeating a second culture reduced the overall false-positive rate to 12.6%.

・ Unacceptably high contamination rate of one bag urine culture (36.8%) which alternative methods

・ Contamination was associated with improper collection procedures and with uncircumcised boys.

・ Proper instructions and doing a second urine culture reduced the overall rate to 12.6%, but at the expense of delaying diagnosis and treatment.