Mamta et al.;

Nepal; 2019 [18]

Experimental study

54

・ Success rate of urine collection was ignificantly higher in the experimental group (88.88%) than in the control group (25.92%) p < 0.001.

・ Median time for sample collection was 1.07 minutes (64.2s) [IQR = 1.52 minutes (91.2s)] in experimental group and 1.52 minutes (91.2s) [IQR = 2.78 minutes (166.8s) for control group (p = 0.069)

・ Contamination was not found in urine samples collected by bladder & lumbar stimulation techniques in experimental group.

・ Bladder and lumbar stimulation technique is safe, quick and effective way of collecting midstream clean catch urine in newborns.

Fernández et al.;

Spain; 2013 [20]

Prospective feasibility and safety study

80

・ Bladder and lumbar stimulation manoeuvres were successful in 86.3% of infants.

・ Median time to sample collection was 45s (IQR 30).

・ No complications other than controlled crying were observed.

・ A new, quick and safe technique with a high success rate is described,

・ Discomfort and waste of time usually associated with bag collection methods can be avoided.

Hall-Million & Howard; US;

2017 [21]

Prospective study

344

・ Intervention (Quick Wee) group showed a greater incidence of voiding within 5 min (31%) than the usual care group (12%).

・ Successful specimen collection occurred in 30% of infants in the intervention group compared with only 9% of infants in the usual care group (p < 0.001)

・ No statistically significant difference in specimen contamination between the two groups (p = 0.29).

・ Parental and health care professional satisfaction with the non-invasive specimen collection method was supported (p < 0.001).

・ The results of this study support the usefulness of the Quick Wee method in efficient specimen collection and parent and health care professional satisfaction with the non-invasive process

Altuntas et al.;

Turkey; 2015 [22]

Randomized controlled study

127

・ Success rate of urine collection was significantly higher in the experimental group (78%) than in the control group (33%; p < 0.001).

・ Median time (interquartile range) for sample collection was 60 s (64.5 s) in the experimental group and 300 s (95 s) in the control group (p < 0.0001).

・ Contamination rates were similar in both groups (p = 0.770).

・ Bladder stimulation and lumbar paravertebral massage is a safe, quick, and effective way of collecting midstream clean-catch urine in newborns.

Alam et al.;

Brazil; 2005 [23]

Cross-sectional study

191

・ Twelve children (6.3%) were considered to have true urinary tract infection, three were indeterminate and in 16 one or more samples were missing and all were excluded from analysis.

・ There were more missing samples using the CCU method (12%) than when using the bag (4%) or pad (4%).

・ Seventy-six of 160 (47.5%) children had evidence of bacterial contamination.

・ CCU specimens showed the least contamination (14.7%) and rates were similar between pads (29%) and bags (26.6%) (κ = 0.40).

・ Urine contamination rates were similar for sanitary pads and urine bags and significantly higher than for CCU (p < 0.01).

・ CCU specimens showed least contamination than pads and bags which had the similar rate.

・ Pads were however a simple, non-invasive and comfortable alternative to bags.