Mamta et al.; Nepal; 2019 [18] | Experimental study | 54 | ・ Success rate of urine collection was ignificantly higher in the experimental group (88.88%) than in the control group (25.92%) p < 0.001. ・ Median time for sample collection was 1.07 minutes (64.2s) [IQR = 1.52 minutes (91.2s)] in experimental group and 1.52 minutes (91.2s) [IQR = 2.78 minutes (166.8s) for control group (p = 0.069) ・ Contamination was not found in urine samples collected by bladder & lumbar stimulation techniques in experimental group. | ・ Bladder and lumbar stimulation technique is safe, quick and effective way of collecting midstream clean catch urine in newborns. |
Fernández et al.; Spain; 2013 [20] | Prospective feasibility and safety study | 80 | ・ Bladder and lumbar stimulation manoeuvres were successful in 86.3% of infants. ・ Median time to sample collection was 45s (IQR 30). ・ No complications other than controlled crying were observed. | ・ A new, quick and safe technique with a high success rate is described, ・ Discomfort and waste of time usually associated with bag collection methods can be avoided. |
Hall-Million & Howard; US; 2017 [21] | Prospective study | 344 | ・ Intervention (Quick Wee) group showed a greater incidence of voiding within 5 min (31%) than the usual care group (12%). ・ Successful specimen collection occurred in 30% of infants in the intervention group compared with only 9% of infants in the usual care group (p < 0.001) ・ No statistically significant difference in specimen contamination between the two groups (p = 0.29). ・ Parental and health care professional satisfaction with the non-invasive specimen collection method was supported (p < 0.001). | ・ The results of this study support the usefulness of the Quick Wee method in efficient specimen collection and parent and health care professional satisfaction with the non-invasive process |
Altuntas et al.; Turkey; 2015 [22] | Randomized controlled study | 127 | ・ Success rate of urine collection was significantly higher in the experimental group (78%) than in the control group (33%; p < 0.001). ・ Median time (interquartile range) for sample collection was 60 s (64.5 s) in the experimental group and 300 s (95 s) in the control group (p < 0.0001). ・ Contamination rates were similar in both groups (p = 0.770). | ・ Bladder stimulation and lumbar paravertebral massage is a safe, quick, and effective way of collecting midstream clean-catch urine in newborns. |
Alam et al.; Brazil; 2005 [23] | Cross-sectional study | 191 | ・ Twelve children (6.3%) were considered to have true urinary tract infection, three were indeterminate and in 16 one or more samples were missing and all were excluded from analysis. ・ There were more missing samples using the CCU method (12%) than when using the bag (4%) or pad (4%). ・ Seventy-six of 160 (47.5%) children had evidence of bacterial contamination. ・ CCU specimens showed the least contamination (14.7%) and rates were similar between pads (29%) and bags (26.6%) (κ = 0.40). ・ Urine contamination rates were similar for sanitary pads and urine bags and significantly higher than for CCU (p < 0.01). | ・ CCU specimens showed least contamination than pads and bags which had the similar rate. ・ Pads were however a simple, non-invasive and comfortable alternative to bags. |