Study; Country; Year of Publication

[Reference no]

Type of study

or study design

Sample size

Main findings

Conclusion

Chandy et al.;

UK; 2020 [1]

Systematic review

NA

・ Out of three randomised controlled trials (RCTs), two demonstrated an increased success in voiding within 5 min using stimulation techniques; third RCT using a mechanical vibration device demonstrated no difference in time to voiding from advice alone.

・ Non-randomised studies compared different temperatures for the gauze intervention and tapping alone versus urine bags.

・ Six uncontrolled studies tested the finger tapping and massage technique.

・ Positive effect of stimulation techniques

・ Lack of replication in rigorous RCTs and heterogeneity of techniques and outcomes assessed prevent conclusive recommendations being made.

・ Further RCTs required comparing non-invasive stimulation methods and assessing time to successful collection, contamination rates, adverse effects, caregiver and clinical staff acceptability.

Labrosse et al.;

Canada; 2016 [2]

Prospective cohort study

126

・ CCU procedure was effective in 62 infants.

・ Infants 0 to 29 days; 30 to 59 days, and 60 to 89 days had more successful procedures, compared with infants >89 days.

・ 16% of contamination in the CCU group - not statistically different compared with the invasive method group.

・ CCU procedure is a quick and effective non-invasive method in children aged <90 days.

・ Contamination proportions were similar to those reported in the literature for urethral catheterization.

Karacan et al.;

Turkey; 2010 [3]

Observational study

1067

・ Initial urine culture found 617 (57.8%) had negative culture results, 145 (13.6%) had positive culture results, and 305 (28.6%) had evidence of bacterial contamination.

・ CCU specimens showed a contamination rate of 14.3% and urethral catheterization specimens showed a similar contamination rate (14.3%).

・ Urethral catheterization was preferred in only a small number of cases (n = 7).

・ SPA was used in a small number of cases (n: 11) and the contamination rate for SPA was 9.1% (n: 1/11).

・ Significantly higher contamination rate for sterile urine bag (43.9%) than the other methods (p < 0.001).

・ SPA showed the lowest contamination rate and sterile urine bag showed the highest contamination rate

・ Contaminated specimens, needed to be repeated and this procedure increased the cost of urine culture

・ Measures should be taken to reduce the contamination rate - an area where further investigation is required.

Kaufman et al.;

Australia; 2017

[4]

Randomized controlled trial

344

・ Quick-Wee method has significantly higher rate of voiding within five minutes compared with standard CCU (31% v 12%, P < 0.001).

・ Quick-Wee had a higher rate of successful urine sample collection and greater parental and clinician satisfaction.

・ No statistically significant difference in contamination between Quick-Wee and standard CCU (27% v 45%, P = 0.29).

・ Number needed to treat was 4.7 (95% confidence interval 3.4 to 7.7) to successfully collect one additional urine sample within five minutes using Quick-Wee compared with standard CCU.

・ Quick-Wee is a simple cutaneous stimulation method that significantly increases the five-minute voiding and success rate of CCU collection.