Study; Country; Year of Publication [Reference no] | Type of study or study design | Sample size | Main findings | Conclusion |
Chandy et al.; UK; 2020 [1] | Systematic review | NA | ・ Out of three randomised controlled trials (RCTs), two demonstrated an increased success in voiding within 5 min using stimulation techniques; third RCT using a mechanical vibration device demonstrated no difference in time to voiding from advice alone. ・ Non-randomised studies compared different temperatures for the gauze intervention and tapping alone versus urine bags. ・ Six uncontrolled studies tested the finger tapping and massage technique. | ・ Positive effect of stimulation techniques ・ Lack of replication in rigorous RCTs and heterogeneity of techniques and outcomes assessed prevent conclusive recommendations being made. ・ Further RCTs required comparing non-invasive stimulation methods and assessing time to successful collection, contamination rates, adverse effects, caregiver and clinical staff acceptability. |
Labrosse et al.; Canada; 2016 [2] | Prospective cohort study | 126 | ・ CCU procedure was effective in 62 infants. ・ Infants 0 to 29 days; 30 to 59 days, and 60 to 89 days had more successful procedures, compared with infants >89 days. ・ 16% of contamination in the CCU group - not statistically different compared with the invasive method group. | ・ CCU procedure is a quick and effective non-invasive method in children aged <90 days. ・ Contamination proportions were similar to those reported in the literature for urethral catheterization. |
Karacan et al.; Turkey; 2010 [3] | Observational study | 1067 | ・ Initial urine culture found 617 (57.8%) had negative culture results, 145 (13.6%) had positive culture results, and 305 (28.6%) had evidence of bacterial contamination. ・ CCU specimens showed a contamination rate of 14.3% and urethral catheterization specimens showed a similar contamination rate (14.3%). ・ Urethral catheterization was preferred in only a small number of cases (n = 7). ・ SPA was used in a small number of cases (n: 11) and the contamination rate for SPA was 9.1% (n: 1/11). ・ Significantly higher contamination rate for sterile urine bag (43.9%) than the other methods (p < 0.001). | ・ SPA showed the lowest contamination rate and sterile urine bag showed the highest contamination rate ・ Contaminated specimens, needed to be repeated and this procedure increased the cost of urine culture ・ Measures should be taken to reduce the contamination rate - an area where further investigation is required. |
Kaufman et al.; Australia; 2017 [4] | Randomized controlled trial | 344 | ・ Quick-Wee method has significantly higher rate of voiding within five minutes compared with standard CCU (31% v 12%, P < 0.001). ・ Quick-Wee had a higher rate of successful urine sample collection and greater parental and clinician satisfaction. ・ No statistically significant difference in contamination between Quick-Wee and standard CCU (27% v 45%, P = 0.29). ・ Number needed to treat was 4.7 (95% confidence interval 3.4 to 7.7) to successfully collect one additional urine sample within five minutes using Quick-Wee compared with standard CCU. | ・ Quick-Wee is a simple cutaneous stimulation method that significantly increases the five-minute voiding and success rate of CCU collection. |