Parameters

Environmental impacts (EIs)

Mitigation & control strategies (M&CSs)

Higher salinity & Higher temperature

- Increase salinity and temperature of water body at the discharge point.

- Change in water column stratification.

- Increase the salinity of groundwater aquifer.

- Salinity increase of sediments.

- Reduce oxygen solubility and content.

- Increase mortality of aquatic life.

- Change the structure of the benthic community.

- Apply ZLD technologies.

- High recovery desalination.

- Brine pre-dilution with wastewater and cooling water.

- Efficient pretreatment.

- Use subsurface intake.

- Use of high-quality materials.

- Proper maintenance plan.

- Brine treatment for removal of toxic components.

- Place outfall in an active hydrodynamic area with high currents.

Pretreatment chemicals & heavy metals

- Change in aquatic diversity.

- Change the photosynthesis, metabolic, and growth rates.

- Formation of toxic DPBs.

- Introduce foreign chemicals.

- Increase water turbidity.

- Water discoloration due to metal salts added during pretreatment.

- Contamination of groundwater aquifer.