| 4 | Health system | Permanent emergency preparedness The need to sustain the capacity to deliver the core services, and aim to achieve universal coverage Making research an essential element of the health system Expansion of health care infrastructure nationally Securing a standby quick-to-be disbursed emergency fund Building and sustaining a national capacity for collaboration and coordination of emergency activities Establish an elaborate and continuous communication system The national readiness to legislate and enforce supporting laws and regulations Making emergency management structures flexible Ensuring effective infection prevention control measures Ensuring continuous quality improvement | Capacity to manufacture medicines, protective wear and other medical supply in countries or region Understand how politics and social dynamics can be used to improve public health measures, especially vaccine confidence Understand community and individual perceptions and behavior with regard to the disease |
| 5 | Psycho-social aspects | Stop bush meat hunting and consumption Stop eating raw meat Demystify stigma of patients and survivors Build a strategy to address fear, trauma, shame, guilt, stigma, loss of trust, and breakdown of community Rebuild trust in government and foreign emergency workers | Distancing in public Masks when in public Working at home when you can Stop embraces, hugs and greeting by kissing |
| 6 | Science and public health | The introduction of an experimental Ebola vaccine was not transparent | COVID-19 vaccination was riddled with coercion |
| 7 | Economic system | Grant support small businesses, women traders and farmers Food and nutrition support during and after the outbreak Provide water supply as part of emergency support | Grant support to businesses Food support during the emergency |
| 8 | Politics | Need to address polarization triggered or exacerbated by the outbreak Use neutral groups or actors Work on restoring trust in the government | Address misinformation and divisive issues Restore trust in governments and international organizations |
| 9 | International support | International donors need to establish emergency funds for quick disbursement WHO Emergency Response Team needs to be formalized as a permanent full time structure with readily available funds to scramble into action | A mechanism needs to be set up for equitable sharing of health technologies and knowledge Governments and international donors need to create permanent and readily available emergency fund |
| 10 | Global Health Security and Governance | Establish people centered policy for handling diplomatic and trans-border matters Governments’ willingness, IHR and trust in WHO all broke down | Resolve the supply chain issues Build medical supplies manufacturing capacity within Africa |