Measures

Odds ratio (95% CI)

p-value

Gender

0.53 (0.41, 0.70)***

<0.000

Parental social class at birth (unskilled as reference group)

Partly skilled

1.43 (0.84, 2.44)

0.186

Skilled manual

1.00 (0.62, 1.61)

0.995

Skilled non-manual

1.01 (0.58, 1.77)

0.958

Managerial\tech

0.85 (0.49, 1.47)

0.564

Professional

0.78 (0.39, 1.56)

0.480

Childhood hearing impairment

2.23 (1.98, 2.97)***

<0.001

Childhood intelligence

0.95 (0.82, 1.10)

0.510

Educational qualifications (no qualification as reference group)

CSE 2-5/equivalent NVQ1

0.70 (0.40, 1.24)

0.219

O Level/equivalent NVQ2

0.90 (0.55, 1.46)

0.663

A level/equivalent NVQ3

1.30 (0.77, 2.19)

0.328

Higher qualification/equivalent NVQ4

0.98 (0.56, 1.68)

0.918

University Degree/equivalent NVQ5, 6

1.00 (0.55, 1.81)

0.996

Current social class (unskilled as reference group)

Partly skilled

1.17 (0.52, 2.65)

0.703

Skilled manual

0.84 (0.38, 1.87)

0.673

Skilled non-manual

0.80 (0.36, 1.80)

0.592

Managerial/tech

0.81 (0.37, 1.79)

0.602

Professional

0.68 (0.27, 1.70)

0.407

Extraversion

0.99 (0.87, 1.12)

0.827

Emotional stability

0.79 (0.70, 0.89)***

<0.001

Agreeableness

1.04 (0.91, 1.19)

0.529

Conscientiousness

0.94 (0.83, 1.06)

0.286

Openness

0.98 (0.85, 1.12)

0.729