Job demand definition or perspective | Authors and years |
The extent to which working environment contains stimuli that need extra effort to achieve work goals leading to negative consequences | Peeters et al. (2005); Cho et al. (2014); Hayes et al. (2012); Lu, et al. (2012); McVicar (2003) |
The aspects of job that require continued effort leading to significant costs | Beutell (2010) |
Psychological (emotional), quantitative (workload), and work shift demands | Al-Homyan et al. (2013) |
Physical (work overload), psycho-emotional (continuous contact with suffering and death), social (interacting with co-workers) or organizational (job complexity) aspects of the job that require continuous efforts and are associated with certain physiological and psychological costs | Demerouti et al. (2001); Lee & Akhtar (2011) |
Quantitative demands, emotional demands and work pace | Cho et al. (2014) |
Workload, physical demands and patient demands | Demerouti et al. (2009) |
Role conflict, role ambiguity, workload, work-home conflict, shift work attitude, patient care demand, perception of organizational politics, job complexity, and physical environment | Kar and Suar (2014) |