| Authors | NP size | Concentration | Model | Energy | DEF or DGNP/DWNP |
| Ngwa, W. et al.[53] | 1.9 nm | 1 - 7 mg/g | calculated | 100 kV | 1.3 - 3.26 |
| Amateo, E. et al.[30] | n/sa | 10 mg/ml | calculated | 150 kV | 1.6 |
|
|
| 200 mg/ml | calculated | 150 kV | 6.5 |
| Rahman, W. et al.[54] | 1.9 nm | 0.197 mg/ml | In vivo | 40 kV | 3.47 |
|
|
|
|
| 100 kV | 1.35 |
| Berbeco, R. et al.[18] | 100 nm | 30 mg/g | calculated | 6 MV | 1.7 |
|
|
| 7 mg/g | calculated | 6 MV | 1.2 |
|
|
| 140 mg/g | calculated | 6 MV | 4.4 |
| Detappe, A. et al.[31] | 100 nm | 30 mg/ml | calculated | 6 MV | 2.1 |
| Wälzlein, C. et al.[22] | 2 & 22 nm | n/ab | Calculated | proton | ≤2c |
|
|
|
|
| 80 & 300 MeV |
|