Focus of study | Reference | Methodology | Key research parameter |
Prediction of excavation-induced ground and wall movement | [31] | Numerical | Small-strain soil behavior |
[32] | Empirical + numerical | 3D distribution of soil movements, small strain behavior of the soil | |
[33] | Analytical | Plane strain problem, modes of wall displacement | |
[34] | Numerical | Constitutive soil models, displacement of tieback wall | |
[35] | Modified mobilizable strength design (MSD) method | Deformation of multipropped excavation, excavation geometries, strength mobilization characteristics of soil | |
[36] | Numerical | Sheet pile wall installation, construction sequence and bracing | |
[37] | Numerical | Diaphragm wall deflection, ground surface settlement, excavation depths, geological conditions | |
[38] | Numerical | Narrow excavations, support stiffness, excavation width-depth ratio | |
Effect of groundwater (GW) dewatering | [39] | Numerical | Watertightness Assessment Test before excavation, stability of the bottom of the excavation, defects in the enclosure (gaps or open joints) |
[40] | State-of-the-art review | Ground settlement, interactions between the retaining wall-dewatering well, the dewatering-excavation, and dewatering-recharge | |
[41] | Field observations | Wall deflection (diaphragm wall/secant-bored pile wall), ground surface settlement, stage of excavation, groundwater drawdown | |
[42] | Case study | Dewatering (pumping rate and depth of a cutoff wall), soil properties, building settlement | |
[43] | Review on water leak incidents | Water ingress (leak through joints & seepage-prone weak zone), surface settlements and diaphragm wall deflection | |
Design and support optimization | [44] | Robust geotechnical design (RGD) | Braced excavation, wall deflection, Cost-efficiency (costs of the diaphragm wall, the bracing system, excavation/disposal of the dirt, dewatering, and instrumentation) |
[45] | RGD coupled with first order second moment (FOSM) method | Braced excavation (geometry and depth), wall deflection, uncertainties of soil parameters (noise factors), cost efficiency, robustness and safety | |
[46] | Constructing indicator system of optimization of supporting schemes based on TOPSIS | Technical feasibility, effect reliability (such as static and dynamic performances), construction accessibility (complexities during construction), economic rationality | |
[47] | Numerical analysis | Bearing capacity, stability design requirements, and environmental requirements during construction, composite support systems, soil arching effect between existing pile foundations (bending moment in the piles) | |
[48] | FEM for analysis, BS8081:1989 for ground anchor, BS8002:1994 for toe stability check, BS 5950 and CIRIA Special Publication 95 for strutting elements | Secant pile retaining wall, water-tightness, ability to vary the depth of retaining wall for irregular soil profiles, HS-Small model, grouting techniques, excavation support stability, assessment of surrounding infrastructure’s damage |