Focus of study

Reference

Methodology

Key research parameter

Prediction of excavation-induced ground and wall movement

[31]

Numerical

Small-strain soil behavior

[32]

Empirical + numerical

3D distribution of soil movements, small strain behavior of the soil

[33]

Analytical

Plane strain problem, modes of wall displacement

[34]

Numerical

Constitutive soil models, displacement of tieback wall

[35]

Modified mobilizable strength design (MSD) method

Deformation of multipropped excavation, excavation geometries, strength mobilization characteristics of soil

[36]

Numerical

Sheet pile wall installation, construction sequence and bracing

[37]

Numerical

Diaphragm wall deflection, ground surface settlement, excavation depths, geological conditions

[38]

Numerical

Narrow excavations, support stiffness, excavation width-depth ratio

Effect of groundwater (GW) dewatering

[39]

Numerical

Watertightness Assessment Test before excavation, stability of the bottom of the excavation, defects in the enclosure (gaps or open joints)

[40]

State-of-the-art review

Ground settlement, interactions between the retaining wall-dewatering well, the dewatering-excavation, and dewatering-recharge

[41]

Field observations

Wall deflection (diaphragm wall/secant-bored pile wall), ground surface settlement, stage of excavation, groundwater drawdown

[42]

Case study

Dewatering (pumping rate and depth of a cutoff wall), soil properties, building settlement

[43]

Review on water leak incidents

Water ingress (leak through joints & seepage-prone weak zone), surface settlements and diaphragm wall deflection

Design and support optimization

[44]

Robust geotechnical design (RGD)

Braced excavation, wall deflection, Cost-efficiency (costs of the diaphragm wall, the bracing system, excavation/disposal of the dirt, dewatering, and instrumentation)

[45]

RGD coupled with first order second moment (FOSM) method

Braced excavation (geometry and depth), wall deflection, uncertainties of soil parameters (noise factors), cost efficiency, robustness and safety

[46]

Constructing indicator system of optimization of supporting schemes based on TOPSIS

Technical feasibility, effect reliability (such as static and dynamic performances), construction accessibility (complexities during construction), economic rationality

[47]

Numerical analysis

Bearing capacity, stability design requirements, and environmental requirements during construction, composite support systems, soil arching effect between existing pile foundations (bending moment in the piles)

[48]

FEM for analysis, BS8081:1989 for ground anchor, BS8002:1994 for toe stability check, BS 5950 and CIRIA Special Publication 95 for strutting elements

Secant pile retaining wall, water-tightness, ability to vary the depth of retaining wall for irregular soil profiles, HS-Small model, grouting techniques, excavation support stability, assessment of surrounding infrastructure’s damage