Material | Constitutive Parameter | Value | Determined from |
Steel | Density, ρ | 7930 kg/m3 | Material test |
Young modulus, E | 200 GPa | [11] | |
Poisson’s ratio, ν | 0.3 | [11] | |
Yield Strength, σy | 348 MPa | Material test | |
Soil | Density, ρ | 2300 kg/m3 | Material test |
Cohesion, C | 13 kPa | Material test and via system test calibrationa | |
Peak friction angle, | 45˚ | Material test and via system test calibrationa | |
Critical friction angle, | 15˚ | [21] and via system test calibrationa | |
Shear modulus, G | 50 MPa | [22] and via system test calibrationa | |
Poisson’s ratio, ν | 0.25 | [23] | |
| Density, ρ | 2300 kg/m3 | Material test |
| Cohesion, C | 500 kPa | Material test |
| Friction angle, f' | 35˚ | [24] |
Asphalt | Shear modulus, G | 50 MPa | Via system test calibrationa |
| Poisson’s ratio, ν | 0.35 | [25] |
| Maximum principal stress, σmax | 680 kPa |
|
| Maximum principal strain, εmax | 0.07 | Via system test calibrationa |