EL

Moderator Variable

Q-Value

Types

S

N

Effect size and 0.95CI

Z-Value

Surface

Cultural differences

196.12***

Chinese

12

4284

Fixed effect: 0.3054 (0.2778, 0.3324)

Random effect: 0.3099 (0.1896, 0.4210)

Fixed: Z = 20.56,

P < 0.0001

Random: Z = 4.89, P < 0.0001

18.82**

Non-Chinese

9

5126

Fixed effect: 0.4199 (0.3970, 0.4422)

Random effect: 0.3848 (0.3152, 0.4504)

Fixed: Z = 31.97,

P < 0.0001

Random: Z = 10.01, P < 0.0001

Deep

168.08***

Chinese

10

3774

Fixed effect: −0.1499 (−0.1801, −0.1175)

Random effect: −0.1503 (−0.2838, −0.0111)

Fixed: Z = −9.18,

P < 0.0001

Random: Z = −2.12, P = 0.0344

4.70*

Non-Chinese

2

141

Fixed effect: −0.1155 (−0.2772, 0.0526)

Random effect: 0.0657 (−0.4685, 0.5647)

Fixed: Z = −1.35, P = 0.1777

Random: Z = −0.22, P = 0.8222