No	Citation	Purpose	Theoretical framework	Country	Sample size	Design	Main findings
Reviewed studies in the field of Barriers to research utilization
1	Kajermo et al. (1998)	To describe the perception of barriers to and facilitators of research utilization in a group of nurse clinicians	-	Sweden	237	A survey study	The major barriers to RU were insufficient time, unavailability of research reports and inadequate facilities for implementation of new ideas.
2	Tsai (2000)	To improve understanding of nurses’ participation in research activities and their utilization of research for practice in one developing country	-	China	382	A survey design	The main barriers to RU were lack of time, lack of staff, and nurses working in infection control and quality improvement have more tendencies to use research than critical care nurses.
3	Parahoo (2000)	To identify nurses perception of barriers to and facilitators of research utilization	-	Northern Ireland	2600	A survey design	The two major barriers identified were the nurses do not feel they have enough authority to change patient procedures and statistical analysis is not understandable.
4	Oranta, Routasalo, & Hupli (2002)	To identify and describe barriers to and facilitators of research utilization from the point of view of Finnish Registered Nurses.	-	Turku, Finland	253	Descriptive study	The barriers are: most research is published in a foreign language; the physicians will not co-operate with implementation; and that statistical analyses are difficult to understand.
5	Adamsen et al. (2003)	To identify the most significant barriers faced by agroup of Danish clinical nurses in their use of research	-	Danish	79	An exploratory and descriptive design	A major barrier to RU was the vast amount of research results, and then nurses feel incapable of evaluating the quality of research findings as a result of their knowledge deficit in research.
6	McCleary & Brown (2003)	To investigate barriers to research utilization and relationships between those barriers and participation inresearch, self-reported research utilization and education among pediatric nurses.	-	Canada	176	A survey study	Lack of time to read research, administrators not allowing implementation, characteristics of the communication and of the setting, and characteristics of the nurse ranked as barriers to research utilization.
7	Hutchinson and Johnston (2004)	To gain an understanding of perceived influences on nurses’ utilization of research, and explore what differences or commonalities exist between the findings of this research and those of studies that have been conducted in various countries during the past 10 years.	-	Australia	761	A survey design	Greatest barriers to research utilization included time constraints, lack of awareness of available research literature, insufficient authority to change practice, inadequate skills in critical appraisal and lack of support for implementation of research findings.
8	Glacken & Chaney (2004)	To ascertain what Registered Nurses practising in the Republic of Ireland perceive as barriers to the implementation of research findings in the practice setting and to explore what they perceive would facilitate them in using research findings in their daily practice.	-	Ireland	169	Cross-sectional survey	The top barrier was insufficient authority to instigate change in the practice setting.