Social and cultural values | Common norms, values, attitude and aspiration expressed in rural areas. | Common norms, values, attitude and aspiration expressed in urban areas. |
1. Land occupation
| Primarily existing of customary land ownership in rural areas. | Informal arrangements on use and ‘ownership’ on customary land to those outside families. Formal arrangement and ownership also exist. |
Family and wider group such as clan involved in land distribution. | Oral and written arrangements to secure land. | |
Land rights oral – not recorded in writing. | Land can be leased, bought or customary | |
Land use rights not definitive | Land has greater economic use and value | |
Lands associated with families, clans and tribes | Land ownership can be endorsed by courts and recorded in registers | |
Land used as a commodity | ||
Individual clan, group and individual title can be given to land. | ||
2. Habitation | Traditional design – for example outdoor food preparation areas, toilet and bath areas, storage and cattle house located away from main the building. | Indoor kitchens, and toilets other builds functional spaces being separated from main building. |
Building structures reflect functionality of the spaces. | Connected to modern services including in house toilet system | |
Sanitation separate and away from family and house | Sanitation included to house | |
3. Settlement layout
| Dwellings in contained village arrangement in a dispersed layout | Written rules and regulations for land allocation and house siting. |
Traditional layout of buildings | Formal and informal still exist. Informal way of building arrangement with poor infrastructure network | |
Low density, minimal or no reticulated services | High density, walkable | |
Limited transport systems | High environmental degradation | |
Greater flexibility of movement | ||
High urban security, law and order Concerns. | ||
4. Economic activities and development | Development based on farming which varying scale. | Greater need for cash for survival |
For some, work only carried out as needs have to be met. | Varying levels of informal and formal sector employment and opportunities | |
Informal sector employment | Residents have some or self-employed. | |
Little regulation | Reliance on local produce – imported goods | |
Rules and laws impact on business opportunities | ||
5. Laws and Order | Clan rules and Village administration authority and controls | Formal system rules and controls maybe acknowledged but many times ignored |
Rules and controls set by settlement Committees (Local authorities) | ||
6. Communication (Language) | Own dialect in homogenous groups | Exposure to Swahili as a first official communication language. Dialects mixed with Swahili Exposed to English as another official language. |