Variable mean (SD)

GDM

N = 290

No GDM

N = 4238

P values

OR^** (95% CI)

Age at screening

45 (13)

53 (17)

<0.0001; 0.77 (0.71, 0.83)

Median years since GDM diagnosis

15 (0 to 26)

NA

NA

Hispanics

105 (36.2%)

1291 (30.5%)

0.040; 1.30 (1.01, 1.66)

Non-Hispanic Whites

114 (39.3%)

1956 (46.1%)

0.024; 0.825 (0.736, 0.986)

Married/living with partner

193 (66.8%)

2422 (57.2%)

0.001; 1.51 (1.17, 1.94)

Household members

3.9 (1.7)

3.2 (1.7)

<0.001; 1.25 (1.18, 1.34)

Weight (kg)

83 (2.2)

76 (2.0)

<0.001; 1.16 (1.10, 1.22)

Body mass index (kg/m²)

32.0 (7.6)

29.5 (7.1)

<0.001; 1.05 (1.03, 1.06)

Waist circumference (cm)

102 (17)

97 (16)

<0.001; 1.02 (1.01, 1.03)

Arm circumference (cm)

34 (5.5)

32 (5.3)

<0.001; 1.07 (1.04, 1.09)

Triceps skinfold (mm)

27 (7.0)

24 (7.2)

<0.001; 1.05 (1.03, 1.07)

Scapular skinfold (mm)

27 (8.2)

23 (8.4)

<0.001; 1.06 (1.04, 1.08)

Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)

70 (13)

68 (13)

0.005; 1.14 (1.03, 1.25)

Previous macrosomia delivery

80 (28.1%)

686 (17.2%)

<0.001; 1.15, (1.07, 1.24)

Previous cesarean delivery

112 (56.9%)

860 (39.7%)

<0.001; 1.40 (1.42, 2.45)

Glucose, plasma (mg/dL)

126 (65)

106 (33)

1.08 (1.05, 1.12) per increments of 10

Insulin mU/mL

15.98 (12.97)

13.7 (12.39)

0.06; 1.01 (1.00, 1.02)

HOMA IR^*

5.2 (5.7)

3.8 (4.5)

0.002; 1.040 (1.014, 1.066)

Severe insulin resistance^*!

41 (30.8%)

407 (20.7%)

0.008; 1.709 (1.26, 2.25)