Dropping out

of school

High school

only

Controls

Female

−.272^**

(.762)

−.164

(.849)

−.186^**

(.830)

−.144^*

(.866)

Non-Hispanic Black

−.500^**

(.607)

−.551^***

(.577)

−.135

(.874)

−.156

(.855)

Hispanic

−.094

(.910)

−.141

(.869)

−.111

(.895)

−.125

(.883)

Asian

−.939^**

(.391)

−.960^**

(.383)

−.386

(.680)

−.395

(.674)

Native American/other

−.503

(.605)

−.559

(.572)

−.306

(.736)

−.331

(718)

Age

−.704

(.495)

−.891

(.410)

−2.209^***

(.110)

−2.246^***

(.106)

Age squared

.011

(1.012)

.016

(1.016)

.049^***

(1.050)

.050^***

(1.051)

Family SES

−.369^***

(.691)

−.368^***

(.692)

−.218^***

(.804)

−.216^***

(.806)

Urbanicity

.186

(1.204)

.161

(1.174)

−.002

(.998)

−.011

(.989)

Neighborhood poverty

.719^***

(2.053)

.695^***

(2.004)

.447^***

(1.563)

.440^***

(1.552)

Lives with both biological parents

−.806^***

(.447)

−.788^***

(.455)

−.431^***

(.650)

−.426^***

(.653)

GPA

−1.541^***

(.214)

−1.524^***

(.218)

−.950^***

(.387)

−.940^***

(.391)

Self-control

.052^***

(1.053)

.026

(1.026)

−.011

(.989)

−.021^*

(.979)

Violence

Violent victimization (W1)

-

.166^*

(1.180)

-

.059

(1.061)

Violent perpetration (W1)

-

.367^***

(1.443)

-

.173^***

(1.188)

Violent victimization (W3)

.185

(1.203)

.111

(1.117)

.272^***

(1.312)

.237^*

(1.268)

Violent perpetration (W3)

.200^*

(1.220)

.118

(1.125)

−.009

(.991)

−.045

(.956)

Constant

14.596^*

16.502^*

28.463^***

28.782^***