Group

Recall and Retention Levels

Immediate Recall

Long-Term Retention

Change

Control ? No Crawls

M = 11.200, SD = 2.462

M = 9.000, SD = 1.938

−2.200

Reinforcing Crawls

M = 12.600, SD = 2.458

M = 10.263, SD = 1.727

−2.337

Incompatible Crawls

M = 10.450, SD = 2.929

M = 9.789, SD = 2.594

−0.661