| Female | Male | ||
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) |
Retirement | −0.075*** | −0.069*** | −0.089*** | −0.074*** |
| (0.03) | (0.03) | (0.02) | (0.03) |
Age | −0.016*** | −0.016*** | −0.008*** | −0.008*** |
| (0.00) | (0.00) | (0.00) | (0.00) |
Gender | 0.0000 | −0.0060 | −0.011* | −0.010* |
| (0.01) | (0.01) | (0.01) | (0.01) |
Education | −0.165*** | −0.147*** | −0.0050 | 0.0100 |
| (0.03) | (0.02) | (0.04) | (0.04) |
Marriage | −0.011*** | −0.011*** | −0.009*** | −0.012*** |
| (0.00) | (0.00) | (0.00) | (0.00) |
Assets | 0.052*** | 0.055*** | 0.0180 | 0.0170 |
| (0.02) | (0.02) | (0.02) | (0.02) |
Health condition | 0.0050 | 0.0020 | 0.019** | 0.017* |
| (0.01) | (0.01) | (0.01) | (0.01) |
Number of children alive | 0.0000 | −0.0020 | 0.0330 | 0.0290 |
| (0.02) | (0.02) | (0.03) | (0.03) |
Number of deceased children | 0.015** | 0.019*** | −0.0100 | −0.0120 |
| (0.01) | (0.01) | (0.01) | (0.01) |
Self-care ability | 0.140*** | 0.148*** | 0.119*** | 0.113*** |
| (0.03) | (0.03) | (0.03) | (0.03) |
House ownership | 1.401*** | 1.343*** | 0.964*** | 1.017*** |
| (0.18) | (0.18) | (0.19) | (0.19) |
Annual fixed effects | no | yes | no | yes |
Fixed effects of province | no | yes | no | yes |
N | 2471 | 2471 | 2330 | 2330 |
R2 | 0.0580 | 0.103 | 0.0360 | 0.0690 |