P(hrase) 1 | P2 | P3 | P4 | P5 | P6 |
I. Verbal complement clause (Comp) | |||||
a) Canonical order | |||||
Tanaka-ga name-nom | [S Akechi-ga name-nom | shakkin-o debt-acc | hensaishita]-to paid back-Comp | bengoshi-ni lawyer-dat | shoogenshita. testified |
“Tanaka told the lawyer as the testimony that Akechi had paid back the debt” | |||||
b) Scrambled order | |||||
Shakkin-o | [S Tanaka-ga | [S Akechi-ga | hensaishita]-to | bengoshi-ni | shoogenshita] |
“The debt, Tanaka told the lawyer as the testimony that Akechi had paid back” | |||||
c) Relativized order | |||||
[S Tanaka-ga | [S Akechi-ga | hensaishita]-to | bengoshi-ni | shoogenshita] | shakkin. |
“The debt that Tanaka told the lawyer as the testimony that Akechi had paid back” | |||||
II. Nominal complement clause (Ncomp) | |||||
a) Canonical order | |||||
Takagi-ga name-nom | [NP[S Uchida-ga name-nom | shiNyuu-o close friend-acc | damashita] betrayed | jijitsu]-ni fact-dat | ochikonda. got depressed |
“Takagi got depressed at the fact that Uchida had betrayed the close friend” | |||||
b) Scrambled order | |||||
ShiNyuu-o | [S Takagi-ga | [NP[S Uchida-ga | damashita] | jijitsu]-ni | ochikonda] |
“As for the close friendi, Takagi got depressed at the fact that Uchida had betrayed him/heri” | |||||
c) Relativized order | |||||
[S Takagi-ga | [NP[S Uchida-ga | damashita] | jijitsu]-ni | ochikonda] | shiNyuu. |
“The close friendi who Takagi got depressed at the fact that Uchida had betrayed him/heri” | |||||
III. Adverbial adjunct clause (Adjunct) | |||||
a) Canonical order | |||||
Tanaka-ga name-nom | [PP[S Tsuchiya-ga name-nom | kootsuujiko-o traffic accident-acc | okoshita]-node] caused-because | jiko-genba-ni accident scene-dat | kaketsuketa. rushed to |
“Tanaka rushed to the accident scene because Tsuchiya had caused a traffic accident” | |||||
b) Scrambled order | |||||
Kootsuujiko-o | [S Tanaka-ga | [PP[S Tsuchiya-ga | okoshita]-node] | jiko-genba-ni | kaketsuketa] |
“As for the traffic accidenti, Tanaka rushed to the accident scene because Tsuchiya had caused iti” | |||||
c) Relativized order | |||||
[S Tanaka-ga | [PP[S Tsuchiya-ga | okoshita]-node] | jiko-genba-ni | kaketsuketa] | kootsuujiko |
“The traffic accidenti that Tanaka rushed to the accident scene because Tsuchiya had caused iti” | |||||
IV. Relative clause (Relative) | |||||
a) Canonical order | |||||
Suzuki-ga name-nom | [NP[S Kishida-ga name-nom | yubiwa-o ring-acc | katta] bought | hoosekiten]-ni jewelry store-dat | tsutometeita. worked |